@article { author = {Karimi Moshaver, Mehrdad}, title = {Methods, Techniques and Tools in Urban Visual Analysis}, journal = {The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar}, volume = {11}, number = {29}, pages = {3-10}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)}, issn = {1735-9635}, eissn = {2251-7197}, doi = {}, abstract = {There are high complexities in the scientific study of urban views due to many variables involved. Variety in different urban views, various viewing angles, diverse analysis techniques and analysis tools have led in ambiguity in the intent of urban views in many cases; in other words, the scope is not clear when we talk about urban views. Much research has been done so far pursuant to urban views and their qualities. Some are highly technical and quantitative and some are qualitative. Despite many studies carried out regarding to urban views and their qualities, certain frameworks which can systemize the studies within this scope of urban issues are few. The present study aims to classify different types of urban views and their analysis practices to develop a framework for further studies in this area. In order to scientifically examine urban views, major approaches related to urban views studies should be initially discussed. To access the existing approaches, it is referred to the studies related to urban views. Based on the different objectives of the present study, different approaches with respect to the topic are classified. In the present paper, seven main approaches concerning urban views are introduced in the following categories: 1. Place Approach; where the city is divided into mosaics of places with similar visual characters. To accomplish the issue, reconnaissance of the areas to view and identify their visual characters should be carried out. 2. Visual Approach; which its basis is the city being seen by people on their excursions to a city or on other trips when just passing through a city. Thus, a city from visual perspective is considered to comprise signs and symbols, natural elements, enclosedness or openness of spaces, etc which individuals can view while walking through the city. 3. Subjective Approach; of which visual strengths and problems of a city is determined by interviewing people. 4. Physical Approach; which includes instances such as behavior of the facades, sidewalks, roof lines, sculpture, and visual details analysis of a specific place. In general, it can be stated that in the present approach, 3D-based form and physical analysis of city is the main item in the visual assessment of it. 5. Organizational Approach; study towards detection of capabilities, identity, and visual qualities of the city. In the present approach, coherence of visual relation between urban elements and organs, clarity and existence of visual qualities which form the identity of urban views and landscape are considered. 6. Visibility Approach; this case is investigated upon whether or not an urban element is visible to citizens. Although visibility analysis is defined as zero-one (i.e. the visibility and invisibility), today by adding fuzzy logic to this type of analysis, related methods to this type of analysis have contributed to proper methods in visual analysis. 7. Behavioral Approach; which its main features are based on the reality of people’s behavior in the city and its relation to visual characteristics of the city. Based on the aforementioned approaches, different methods for visual analysis of city are described including: photo grid, stop-frame, city visual organization analysis, city visual form analysis, visual impact assessment, visual quality modeling, visual impact assessment, 3D-based view analysis, and Hough transform. Subsequently, the main tools for visual analysis including photomontage images, software, digital images, as well as their analysis methods are expounded. Consequently, the present paper defines a framework to classify the existing methods of urban views analysis based on approach, analysis scale, tools and techniques of urban views analysis which can be regarded as basic research for the subsequent studies in the field of urban views related to topics in architecture, urban design, urban planning or other related issues in urban studies.}, keywords = {Urban views,Approaches,Analysis methods,Tools and techniques}, title_fa = {شیوه‌ها، فنون و ابزار تحلیل بصری در شهر}, abstract_fa = {بررسی علمی دیدهای شهری به دلیل متغیرهای زیاد دخیل در آنها از پیچیدگی زیادی برخوردار است. انواع دیدهای مختلف شهری، زاویه‌های متنوع دید، روش‌های مختلف تحلیل و ابزارهای متفاوت برای انجام تحلیل دیدهای شهری باعث شده در بسیاری مواقع منظور از دیدهای شهری مبهم باشد. در رابطه با دیدهای شهری و کیفیت آنها تا‌کنون تحقیقات زیادی انجام شده که برخی از آنها بسیار فنی و کمی و برخی کیفی است. علیرغم انجام تحقیقات زیاد در رابطه با دیدهای شهر و کیفیت آنها هنوز چارچوب مشخصی که بتواند مطالعات مربوط به این حوزه از مسایل شهری را قاعده‌مند سازد، اندک است. این تحقیق با هدف دسته‌بندی انواع دیدهای شهری و شیوه‌های تجزیه و تحلیل آنها جهت تدوین چارچوبی برای انجام تحقیقات بعدی به صورت علمی در این زمینه تدوین شده است. در ابتدا رویکردهای عمده‌ای که در ارتباط با بررسی دیدهای شهری وجود دارد مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گرفته است. جهت دستیابی به رویکردهای موجود به مطالعات پیشین رجوع شده و سپس بر‌اساس اهدافی متفاوتی که این مطالعات انجام گرفته‌اند، رویکردهای مختلف دسته‌بندی شده‌اند. در این تحقیق هفت رویکرد اصلی در رابطه با دیدهای شهری شامل رویکرد مکانی، تصویری، ذهنی، کالبدی، سازمانی، رؤیت‌پذیری و رفتاری معرفی شده‌اند. بر‌اساس رویکردهای ذکر شده، روش‌های متفاوت برای تحلیل بصری شهر شامل روش شبکه تصویری، قاب ایستا، تحلیل سازمان بصری شهر، تحلیل فرم بصری شهر، رؤیت‌پذیری، ارزیابی تأثیر بصری، مدل‌سازی کیفیت بصری، مدل‌سازی اثر بصری، تحلیل دید مبتنی بر سه بعد و روش تبدیل هاف شرح داده شده است. در ادامه ابزارهای اصلی برای تحلیل بصری شامل تصاویر فتومونتاژ، نرم‌افزارها و تصاویر دیجیتالی و همچنین شیوه‌های تجزیه و تحلیل آنها شرح داده شده است. نتیجه این مقاله مشخص‌کننده یک چارچوب برای دسته‌بندی روش‌های موجود برای تحلیل دیدهای شهری بر‌اساس رویکرد، هدف، مقیاس تحلیل، ابزار و تکنیک‌های تجزیه و تحلیل دیدهای شهری است که می‌تواند تحقیقی پایه برای مطالعات بعدی در زمینه دیدهای شهری مرتبط با موضوعات معماری، طراحی شهری، برنامه‌ریزی شهری و یا سایر موارد مرتبط با مطالعات شهری باشد.}, keywords_fa = {دیدهای شهری,رویکردها,شیوه‌های تجزیه و تحلیل,ابزار و تکنیک‌ها}, url = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5673.html}, eprint = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5673_93e7275501e2c61d5a0b2bf301280910.pdf} } @article { author = {Rostampour, Kaveh and Mosaferzadeh, Ghazal and Nazif, Hasan}, title = {Transformation in Social Identity, the Outcome of Modern Architecture and Urbanism in Khuzestan Oil Towns}, journal = {The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar}, volume = {11}, number = {29}, pages = {11-22}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)}, issn = {1735-9635}, eissn = {2251-7197}, doi = {}, abstract = {Over the past century, there have been encounters between the Western and some of the peripheral countries with rich cultural background. This triggers serious debates among these nations. Introduction of modernism in Iran exported by western countries is expanding to Iranian nationality and Islam and affecting the elements of Iranian national identity; which is called crisis of identity by critics. In this way, realization of such encounter to introduce a unified frame of identity is considered as national identity, which has resulted in negligence of interests of some minorities. Moreover, this approach is causing political issues in some peripheral provinces of the country. In fact, each region has its specific climate, culture, and community; some have different experience with modernism. Among many, Khuzestan with rich cultural variety has experienced unique changes hosting invasion of British oil explorers since 1908. Thus the main goal of this article is to present a model of identity that is able to establish the relation between ethnic, regional, cultural and national identity; then uses this model to deal with Khuzestan’s confrontation with the modernism. Indeed the key question of this research is how modern architecture and urbanism influence the identity transformation in Khuzestan’s oil towns. By its unique features, the theory of social identity brings us a strategy to deal with the problem. Talking about social specifications, beliefs, values, behaviors, and distinctive attitudes of every community takes to identification of their social identity. The theory holds that human being tends to attend other groups by its nature leaving aside their probable differences or similarities. Moreover, each person has a chance to study their statue in different social groups. Through a descriptive analytical method and through library studies the present work tries to achieve a model of social identity. Three main constitutive levels including principles of worldview, leadership and community are considered in different definitions of society. Also these levels are divided into subjective and objective components. The final model is supposed to be featured with religion, environment (principles), tradition, culture, civilization (community), policy (leadership) and other elements of social identity and to discuss the relation between each element as well. Afterward, with the pattern along the historical documents regarding historical evolution in architecture and urbanism in oilfields, we discuss three stages of social evolutions (encounter, acceptance, stabilization) in oil towns (1908-1933, 1933-1951, 1951 until Iran’s revolution). Throughout three stages and along with introduction of industry, technology and welfare dwelling services from the West, natives have found their interaction with society, environment, and social order significantly changed. The results show that changes in architecture and urbanism in the oil towns had two reactions in people of this region. In spite of some problems in accepting new changes in the cities such as Shushtar and Dezful, tribal communities and rural areas have showed more positive attitudes toward the changes. The result is the evolution of social identity in oil towns and forming a new identity named “sherkati” in these towns. Generalization of the results obtained for a society with 70% of its population composed of rural and tribal populations to the whole country is worth more consideration. This may help studying identity of communities in different regions of the country.}, keywords = {Social Identity,modernism,Khuzestan,Oil Towns,Architecture}, title_fa = {تحول هویت اجتماعی، پیامد معماری و شهرسازی نوگرا در شهرهای نفتی خوزستان}, abstract_fa = {در طول سدة گذشته تقابل با غرب باعث مقاومت‌هایی در برخی کشورهای پیرامونی شده و بحث‌های جدی در حوزة هویت آنها ایجاد کرده است. در ایران نیز ابزار این تقابل در ارایة چارچوبی متمرکز به صورت هویت ملی دیده شده که نادیده‌گرفتن هویت‌های منطقه‌ای را در پی داشته است. حال آنکه هر یک از این نقاط دارای ویژگی‌های خاص و حتی رویارویی متفاوتی با نوگرایی بوده‌اند که خوزستان به واسطه اکتشاف نفت و تجربة منحصر به فردی در نوگرایی، یکی از این مناطق است. لذا این پژوهش با این فرض که نظریة هویت اجتماعی دارای قابلیت‌هایی است که می‌تواند این نقیصه را پوشش دهد سعی می‌کند با روش توصیفی تحلیلی و استفاده از اسناد کتابخانه‌ای و بایگانی‌ها به ارایة الگویی از هویت در قالب هویت اجتماعی بپردازد که علاوه بر ابعاد هویت ملی ایران همچون دین و سیاست، ویژگی‌های منطقه‌ای هویت‌ساز از جمله فرهنگ، تمدن، سنت و محیط هر منطقه از کشور و قابلیت تبیین تحولات ایجاد شده در هر هویت را نیز در بر داشته باشد. سپس با استفاده از آن، سؤال اصلی پژوهش که چگونگی تأثیر معماری و شهرسازی نوگرا بر تحول هویت در شهرهای نفتی خوزستان است را پاسخ می‌دهد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که جامعة عشایری و روستایی خوزستان به راحتی جذب تمدن غرب شده و با آن سازگار شده‌اند که منجر به تحول تدریجی هویت سنتی و شکل گیری هویتی جدید در شهرهای نفتی شده است. تعمیم این موضوع برای کشور ما - که بخش عمده‌ای از آن را مردم عشایری و روستایی تشکیل می‌داده است – می‌تواند در ایجاد نگاهی نو به هویت‌یابی معماری و شهرسازی مفید باشد.}, keywords_fa = {هویت اجتماعی,نوگرایی,خوزستان,شهرهای نفتی,معماری}, url = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5674.html}, eprint = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5674_ca31c4b9f2320c25c6bff2c566818efe.pdf} } @article { author = {Abbasi, Heidar and Hajipour, Khalil}, title = {An Empirical Analysis of the Influence of Urban Form on Travel Behavior in Different Urban Neighborhoods of Shiraz}, journal = {The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar}, volume = {11}, number = {29}, pages = {23-32}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)}, issn = {1735-9635}, eissn = {2251-7197}, doi = {}, abstract = {Urban form and neighborhood design have important roles in the choice of travel vehicle and travel distance. Density, mixed land use, distance from CBD (Central Business District) and walking time to public transport stations are important factors of urban form which affect the travel behavior. Patterns with high density and mixed land use increases travel efficiency, walking and using bicycle instead of car. Also, with increasing urban sprawl and distance from CBD, travel distance increases and the use of private vehicles is extended. The purpose of this paper is to examine and explain the factors that have important roles in travel behavior of Shiraz households. The present paper emphasizes the characteristics of urban form. This research is conducted with analytic and descriptive method, based on empirical observations. With assuming statistical relationship, the relation between travel behavior and urban form variables in three urban neighborhoods of Shiraz metropolitan area, with various physical characteristics, have been tested.  Information about urban form variables have been extracted from GIS maps of Shiraz and data of household travel behavior and car ownership are extracted from questionnaires. Number of questionnaires in the research is 260. To examine the relationship between urban form variables and travel behavior and car ownership, correlation analysis is used. Results of this study can be stated as follows: - Car ownership has a direct relation with distance from CBD and walking time to public transport variables, and inverse relation with density. - With increasing distance from the CBD, travel distance is increased. However travel is reduced with high density and mixed-land use. - With increasing distance from the CBD, travel time is increased. While travel time is reduced with increasing density and land use mix. The significant point is that the present results are related to samples of this study and changing samples can introduce different results. Urban form has a dramatic effect on households travel behavior and car dependence. Changes in urban form can affect travel behavior and fuel consumption of households in transportation sector.  Reduced consumption of fossil fuels is one of the most important objectives of sustainable development. The present article expresses the findings of an empirical research as follows: - Households close to CBD are spending less time and distance to travelling purpose. - Households living in denser neighborhoods with high land use mix are spending less time and distance to the travelling purposes. Also, households living in denser neighborhoods use private vehicles less. Other factors, except for the urban form variable, those studied in this paper, affect travel behavior which can be noted as household`s socio-economic characteristics, quality of public transportation system, resident    `s culture, travel utility, etc.}, keywords = {Urban Form,Urban form Variables,Travel Behavior,Car Ownership,Metropolitan of Shiraz}, title_fa = {تحلیل تجربی تأثیر فرم شهر بر رفتار سفر خانوارها در محلات مختلف شهری شیراز}, abstract_fa = {فرم شهر تأثیر بسیار زیادی بر رفتار سفر و وابستگی خانوارها به اتومبیل شخصی و نیز بر مصرف سوخت‌های فسیلی در بخش حمل و نقل دارد. از آنجایی که کاهش مصرف سوخت‌های فسیلی از مهم‌ترین اهداف توسعه پایدار است، شناخت و بررسی فرم‌های شهری مختلف و تأثیر‌گذار بر الگوی سفر و در نتیجه مصرف سوخت‌های فسیلی از موضوعات بسیار مهم است. با در نظر گرفتن این ضرورت، مقاله حاضر یافته‌های یک تحقیق تجربی در ارتباط با تأثیر متغیرهای فرم شهری بر رفتار سفر ساکنین و همچنین مالکیت اتومبیل را بیان کرده است. در بررسی این تأثیر متغیرهای فاصله از مرکز شهر، زمان پیاده‌روی تا حمل و نقل عمومی، اختلاط کاربری و تراکم به عنوان متغیرهای فرم شهری مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته‌اند. همچنین متغیرهای فراوانی، زمان، طول و وسیله سفر به عنوان متغیرهای رفتار سفر مورد پژوهش قرار گرفته‌اند. در این ارتباط سه محله شهری کلان‌شهر شیراز، با خصوصیات مختلف فرم شهری انتخاب شده‌اند. برای دستیابی به اطلاعات مربوط به متغیرهای فرم شهری، به غیر از زمان پیاده‌روی تا حمل و نقل عمومی، از نقشه‌های GIS شهر و در ارتباط با متغیرهای رفتار سفر و همچنین زمان پیاده‌روی تا حمل و نقل عمومی، از پرسشنامه استفاده شده است. تعداد پرسشنامه‌های این تحقیق 260 پرسشنامه است. برای بررسی ارتباط بین متغیرهای فرم شهری و رفتار سفر و همچنین مالکیت اتومبیل از تحلیل همبستگی استفاده شده است. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق بیانگر وجود ارتباط بین متغیرهای فرم شهری و رفتار سفر است، و خانوارهای ساکن در محله‌های نزدیک به مرکز شهر، با تراکم و اختلاط کاربری بالا، رفتار سفر متفاوت‌تری با ساکنین سایر محله‌ها دارند.}, keywords_fa = {فرم شهر,متغیرهای فرم شهر,رفتار سفر,مالکیت اتومبیل شخصی,کلان‌شهر شیراز}, url = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5675.html}, eprint = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5675_4701bf729b0e1efb7ac7f27fbbb5937f.pdf} } @article { author = {Gholipour, Soudabeh}, title = {Regeneration of Chaharbagh Abbasi Avenue in Isfahan in Safavid and Qajar Eras with Emphasis on the Pictorial Expressions of Travelers’ Documents}, journal = {The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar}, volume = {11}, number = {29}, pages = {33-46}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)}, issn = {1735-9635}, eissn = {2251-7197}, doi = {}, abstract = {Throughout the history, the creation of gardens has been the most beautiful of human activities. One of the most ancient arts of Iranians is the art of gardening which is valuable tradition and has spiritual power. The appearance of Persian garden so far has been utterly consistent with the nature and amount of the water. Given the variety of climate conditions in Iran, with few changes, Persian garden has been emerged in various forms. Since Safavid era, Gardens all over the city have been considered as elements of shaping the physical structure of the city. All the evidence from that period indicates that there was plenty of water in Isfahan, Zayanderud (river) was a natural axis and water was sent to all parts of the city. There were gardens which had created by using water streams (called MADI). In fact architecture of Isfahan in Safavid era was formed in its city and nature substrates. chaharbagh Abbasi avenue is one of the historic avenues in Isfahan which is located between Darvazeh Dolat and Si-O-Se pol. The avenue was designed in Shah Abbas I era. Shah Abbas I was the king who changed his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan and decided to gather all artistic wealth of the county into that central spot which has been called "Nesfe Jahan" or "Half of the World" for centuries. The chief architect of this urban design was Shaykh Bahai (Baha' ad-Din al-`Amili), who focused the program on two key features of Shah Abbas's master plan: Chaharbagh avenue- flanked at either side by all the prominent institutions of the city and the residences of all foreign dignitaries- and Naqsh-e Jahan Square. The public boulevard is about 1,650 meters long and consists of four quadripartite gardens arranged along the north-south axis that slopes towards the south. Each quadripartite unit is composed of two squares and two rectangular plots separated by pathways. Also, they are considered as a single boulevard with a central promenade flanked by axial garden shapes. The gardens have since been converted into roadways, with pine trees lining to either side. Running along the center of the promenade was a water channel with cascades; the promenade now only features circular flower beds and light posts. This avenue is one of the most prominent ones in the architectural history of Iran and in this era. Since Chaharbagh avenue is the most important and praiseworthy identity feature of the historic city of Isfahan with unique art, we should not be inattentive to the details of its changes and transitions. The research method is based on studies and the highlights mentioned in travelers’ itineraries and analysis of their contents as the most important historical sources. The objective of the present research is to recognize the physical structure of Chaharbagh Abbasi avenue in Safavid era and to similarly regenerate its design according to traveler`s statements. Since the physical elements of the avenue have still been remained- based on the available information from related documents, especially itineraries- we can illustrate its imaginary images and can respond to questions such as what characteristics this avenue had and what changes have been occurred in relation to it in different periods. The study is through descriptive-historical method by using written sources and documents of travelers in a comparison-oriented one. Moreover, introducing the images of each traveler’s statements help identify the avenue better. The ideas illustrated in these documents, in approval and completion of written and pictorial sources, provide us with the arrangements of the elements in this avenue and the social relations among people in Safavid and Qajar eras. It can be concluded that the avenue has encountered some changes in each traveler’s visiting period particularly in each era of Safavid and Qajar; for instance, the avenue’s planting system: In Safavid era there were two rows of plantain trees but in Qajar era they increased to four rows. In addition, in Qajar era distinctively in the period of Zill al-Sultan- ruler of Isfahan- numerous damages occurred to this avenue.}, keywords = {Chaharbagh abbasi,Safavid,Qajarid,travelers,image}, title_fa = {بازآفرینی خیابان چهارباغ عباسی اصفهان در دوره‌های صفویه و قاجار با تأکید بر بیان تصویری از نوشته‌های سیاحان}, abstract_fa = {خیابان چهارباغ عباسی یکی از خیابان‌های تاریخی شهر اصفهان است که بین دروازه دولت و سی‌وسه پل قرار دارد. این خیابان که در عصر شاه عباس یکم طراحی شده، یکی از مهم‌ترین و ارزشمندترین عناصر هویت‌بخش شهر تاریخی اصفهان و در نوع خود اثری بی‌همتا و سندی بسیار با اهمیت در اثبات خلاقیت، اندیشه‌ورزی و توانمندی نیاکان ماست. بدیهی است نمی‌توان به کیفیت و جزییات تغییر و تحولاتی که قرار است در آن ایجاد شود، بی‌اعتنا بود. روش این تحقیق مبتنی بر مطالعات و نکات ذکر شده در سفرنامه‌های سیاحان و تحلیل محتوای آنهاست با هدف شناسایی ساختار کالبدی خیابان چهارباغ عباسی در دوران‌های صفویه و قاجار و بازآفرینی متشابه واقع طرح آن براساس گفته‌های هر سیاح. از آنجا که نشانه‌های فیزیکی این خیابان تا حدی باقی مانده است براساس اطلاعات به دست آمده از متون و اسناد، به‌ویژه سفرنامه‌ها می‌توان به ارایه تصاویری فرضی برای آن اقدام کرد و به پرسش‌هایی از قبیل اینکه این خیابان چه ویژگی‌هایی داشته و کلیت آن چگونه بوده و در دوره‌های مختلف چه تغییراتی را به خود دیده، پاسخ داد. در این راستا با بهره‌گیری از روش توصیفی‌ـ تاریخی و منابع مکتوب از سیاحان و از طریق مقایسه آنها با یکدیگر به بررسی آنها‌ پرداخته می‌شود. همچنین ارایه تصاویری از گفته‌های هر سیاح در شناسایی بهتر این خیابان کمک می‌کند. از مطالبی که این اسناد مصور در تأیید و تکمیل منابع مکتوب و تصویری ارایه می‌دهد، می‌توان به چیدمان عناصر داخل خیابان و روابط اجتماعی مردمان در دو دوره صفویه و قاجار دست یافت و به این نتیجه رسید که تغییراتی در این خیابان در دوره بازدید هر سیاح و بالاخص دو دوره دیده شده، از جمله می‌توان به نظام کاشت این خیابان که در دوره صفوی دارای دو ردیف درخت چنار بوده و دوره قاجار به چهار ردیف افزایش پیدا کرده،‌ اشاره کرد. همچنین در دوره قاجاریه و به خصوص در زمان ظل‌السلطان ـحاکم اصفهان‌ـ این خیابان خرابی‌های بی‌شماری به خود دیده است.}, keywords_fa = {چهارباغ عباسی,صفویه,قاجار,سیاحان,تصویر}, url = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5710.html}, eprint = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5710_ef98cf1f57ccee8d9072611236d12434.pdf} } @article { author = {Sajadzadeh, Hasan and Rahmani, Amir}, title = {Spatial Extension Pattern of District 13 of Tehran City}, journal = {The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar}, volume = {11}, number = {29}, pages = {47-58}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)}, issn = {1735-9635}, eissn = {2251-7197}, doi = {}, abstract = {In recent decades, cities have grown with no plan and urban boundaries have reached to extend several times bigger than its original ones during a short period of time. This problematic issue caused to negative phenomenon of urban dispersion. Also it is the source of many problems in cities in developing countries. Thus, studying the urban extension pattern is one of the issues which can provide the development strategy in order to empower the urban management in long-term. Tehran as the capital city of Iran in terms of physical growth and development had a slow growth and low compaction in the past. However, by the onset of rapid urbanization and uncontrolled rural to urban migration growth, its area has grown rapidly. It can be expected the horizontal growth pattern and urban dispersion, although the tendency to concentration and compression in recent years is observed. Regarding the major impact of the physical development pattern of each city on the stability or instability of its development, managers, administrators and urban planners must have sufficient knowledge about available physical development and physical growth of cities in order to guide this pattern to urban sustainable development. The aim of the present study is to determine the pattern of spatial extension of district 13 of Tehran city during 2006 to 2011, as well as providing solutions to achieve an optimized and sustainable city growth pattern. The research is through descriptive and analytical method as documents studies, library studies and fieldwork surveys, with considering the area, population and residential density indicates by using Holdren and Shannon Entropy as an applied method to systematic analysis of urban growth pattern in recent years. The results based on the present studies show that in the case study, the area has grown dispersal and it has caused negative occurrence of urban dispersion. Since the trend of physical expansion of city and region will continue in the case study, undoubtedly, it will be necessary to allocate some parts of open areas for construction. If its future expansion is not considered to be planned, indeed not in a long future, the region will face a lot of problems and issues which may cause loss of citizens’ welfare and failure to achieve a healthy city. Therefore, by coordinating the growth of other land uses along with residential land use growth, we can help the balanced urban growth. Accordingly, we must use the pattern of concentrated development within the inner texture (intensive and vertical) and also changing the land use of some parts of air force military land belongings in order to have a logical trend for physical development of the region.}, keywords = {Spatial Extension,Urban Dispersion,Quantitative Model,Urban Growth}, title_fa = {الگوی گسترش فضایی منطقه 13 شهر تهران}, abstract_fa = {این معضل به عارضة منفی پراکندگی شهری منجر شده و منشاً بسیاری از مشکلات در کشورهای در حال توسعه شده است، بنابراین بررسی الگوی گسترش شهرها یکی از مسایلی است که می‌تواند استراتژی‌های توسعه را در افق دوردست جهت توانمندسازی مدیریت شهری فراهم سازد. هدف از این پژوهش تعیین الگوی گسترش فضایی منطقه 13 شهر تهران طی سال‌های 89-1384 و ارایة راهکارهایی به منظور دستیابی به الگوی بهینه و پایدار رشد شهری است. روش پژوهش توصیفی‌ـ تحلیلی، به صورت مطالعات اسنادی‌ـ کتابخانه‌ای، برداشت‌های میدانی با در نظر گرفتن شاخص‌های مساحت، جمعیت و تراکم کلی مسکونی و بهره‌گیری از مدل‌های آنتروپی شانون و هلدرن به عنوان روش‌هایی کاربردی برای تحلیل سیستماتیک الگوهای رشد شهری است. نتایج پژوهش بر‌اساس مطالعات صورت گرفته نشان می‌دهد که منطقة مورد مطالعه طی سال‌های اخیر به صورت پراکنده رشد کرده و منجر به عارضة منفی پراکندگی شهری شده است، بر این اساس می‌توان از الگوی گسترش متمرکز درون‌بافتی (فشرده و عمودی) و در عین حال تغییر کاربری زمین‌های متعلق به پادگان نیروی هوایی و مهمات‌سازی بهره گرفت تا توسعة کالبدی منطقه روند معقولانه‌تری را طی کند.}, keywords_fa = {گسترش فضایی,پراکندگی شهری,مدل‌های کمی,رشد شهر}, url = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5711.html}, eprint = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5711_951e31e86c71b388042d0ea9bf60106e.pdf} } @article { author = {Mofidi Shemirani, Seyed Majid and Moztarzadeh, Hamed}, title = {Explaining the Sustainable Urban Community Structural Criteria}, journal = {The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar}, volume = {11}, number = {29}, pages = {59-70}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)}, issn = {1735-9635}, eissn = {2251-7197}, doi = {}, abstract = {Population is increasing in cities, as well as a strong trend towards urbanization that has a variety of reasons. Focusing on more services in cities is a phenomenon which large cities in developing countries are facing. On the other hand, due to the increase in global warming and climate change, thinkers and theorists have sought many different solutions, one of which is the theory of "sustainable development". For years, the theory had further emphasized on the economic needs and environmental limitations, but it has played a more important role in the local and indigenous aspects with the emergence of the slogan: "think globally, act locally", in the past decade. Although the climate change phenomenon has existed from the past till now and will continue in the future, human activities and unsustainable developments in the short term has intensified it in the way that it has had adverse effects on human life .These effects has become ever more severe and more diverse. It should be noted that if no attention will be given to the solutions to deal with this issue, the most important human achievements -civilization and urbanization - may be destroyed. For this purpose, we must start from the smallest part of the city, which are indeed communities. To solve problems and avoid damages faced by the communities, it is necessary to discuss them further as a main element of cities in the form of sustainability. Community is the main pillar of the urban body. Balance of social life in cities depends on the preservation of the communities. During the twentieth century, the ideal of residential-centered community has been offered in many modern theories and has been widely accepted for solving various urban problems such as management, social and human relations, health and welfare issues and aspects of meaning and identity. Moreover, discussions on sustainable development have led to the proposal of different scale implementation in cities (international, national, regional-provincial, district, municipal, and community scales, as well as neighborhood units, site, and architecture scale). In addition, the concept of sustainable urban development has been considered as a scientific topic in all societies in recent decades, to which much of the literature has been allocated on urban development. Although many definitions have been presented on the concept of sustainable development at the macro level, its concept is still not clear with certainty at the local scale, while urban communities are significantly important, and their strengths or weaknesses can be taken into account for the entire city for different aspects so that its performance can be improved. Following the extensive discussions on sustainable development, a particular attention was also given to the sustainable urban communities. Since urban communities consume a great amount of energy, it is necessary to give more attentions to the ways to sustain these areas. Some different ideas have been proposed about the concept of sustainability at the local scale, which have resulted in different components. To access the social components, some give priority to people and society. Some emphasize on the appearance features of the neighborhood, and thus value physical components. Some experts, who focus on the comfort and security in the accesses, highlight more the transport and communication components; and others point out the discussions on public participation in issues related to community and how to manage it, which are placed in the area of political components.It is important to note that any definitions of sustainable neighborhoods and details on how to review and provide any kinds of components by each researcher are resulted from the type of environment, culture, climate and such parameters, which are specific to each city or country, and vary by geographic locality. It is true that the concept of sustainable neighborhoods has been viewed from a certain angles by the researchers and theorists of urban development who consider a particular organization for it, but giving attention to humans, their different needs, and how to meet them along with environmental protection is a common point to all ideas. The main argument of this paper is the two issues of sustainability and urban communities, as well as how to link them to each other and finally the criteria to create a sustainable community will be examined. To reach these criteria, analytic-deductive method is used.}, keywords = {community,Sustainability,Sustainable communities,Component,criterion}, title_fa = {تدوین معیارهای ساختار محلات شهری پایدار}, abstract_fa = {محله از ارکان اصلی کالبد شهری بوده و تعادل زندگی اجتماعی در شهرها بستگی به حفظ محله‌ها دارد. در قرن بیستم، آرمان محله مسکونی در بسیاری از نظریه‌های نوین محور قرار گرفته و برای حل مشکلات گوناگون شهری مانند مدیریتی، روابط اجتماعی و انسانی، مسایل بهداشتی و رفاهی و ابعاد معنایی و هویتی، از این روش استقبال شده است. از سویی دیگر با مطرح‌شدن بحث‌های توسعه پایدار مقیاس‌های متفاوتی برای عملی‌ساختن آن در شهر مطرح شده است (مقیاس‌های بین‌المللی، ملی، منطقه‌ای-استانی، ناحیه‌ای، شهری، محله‌ای، واحدهای همسایگی، سایت و مقیاس معماری) که در این بین در دهه‌های اخیر مقوله توسعه شهری پایدار به عنوان یک موضوع مهم علمی در کلیه جوامع مطرح بوده و بخش وسیعی از ادبیات توسعه شهری را به خود اختصاص داده است. با وجود آنکه تعاریف بسیاری از مفهوم توسعه پایدار در مقیاس‌های کلان ارایه شده است اما مفهوم آن در مقیاس محلی هنوز به قطعیت روشن نشده است. این در حالی است که محلات شهری حایز اهمیت بسیار بوده و نقاط قوت یا ضعف آنها در ابعاد مختلف می‌تواند به کل شهر تسری پیدا کند و کارایی آن را تحت تأثیر قرار دهد. دو مقوله پایداری و محلات شهری و پیوند دادن آنها در قالب یک موضوع بحث اصلی این مقاله است. در ابتدای تحقیق با مطرح‌ساختن سؤالاتی، فرضیه‌ای براساس آنها شکل گرفته و در نهایت مقاله در پی اثبات این فرضیه و یافتن پاسخ‌هایی شفاف برای سؤالات مطرح شده است. این پاسخ‌ها از استخراج معیارهای عمومی ساختار محلات شهری پایدار شکل می‌گیرند که منتج از مؤلفه‌های ایجاد یک محله پایدار است. در این راستا به منظور مشخص‌شدن مؤلفه‌های ذکر شده، از آراء و اندیشه‌های صاحب‌نظران و اندیشمندان خارجی استفاده شده و درنهایت هشت مؤلفه به عنوان پایه و اساس ایجاد محلات پایدار معرفی شده‌اند. در نهایت مرتبط با هر مؤلفه معیارهای عمومی ساختار محلات شهری پایدار شکل گرفته است.}, keywords_fa = {محله,پایداری,محلات پایدار,مؤلفه,معیار}, url = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5712.html}, eprint = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5712_94ca8c9352db6cfd1841f210d7392f69.pdf} } @article { author = {Vakili, Neda and Javani, Asghar}, title = {Sign Adaptation – semantics of hell pictures (within the images of Shahrokhi's "Miraj Nameh" (ascension letter) & the works of the Dante's "Devine Comedy")}, journal = {The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar}, volume = {11}, number = {29}, pages = {71-80}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)}, issn = {1735-9635}, eissn = {2251-7197}, doi = {}, abstract = {Dante’s “Divine Comedy” – a literary, moral, and mystic work, written in a symbolic language in Middle Ages – is the result of Dante’s journey in the world of supreme imagination and metaphysics and Miraj Nameh – a description of Prophet Muhammad’s Ascension to the heavens written in prose – are regarded as two examples of a spiritual journey into the afterworld. The creation of such works resulting from religious and ethnic beliefs in the two Western and Eastern cultures has always inspired the artists, poets, authors, and painters in different eras. In the West artists such as Michelangelo, Botticelli, and Delacroix have created outstanding works the main theme of which involves the images and the stories of “Divine Comedy”. One other eminent artist is Gustave Dore (1870 A.D.), the French illustrator and sculptor in French Romanticism era. Also in the East, a lot of literary works – written in both Persian and Arabic languages – describe the Ascension of Prophet Muhammad to the heavens. One literary masterpiece which thoroughly deals with the story of the Ascension of Prophet Muhammad as a religious and artistic endeavor, is the illustrated version of Shahrokhi’s “Miraj Nameh”(1436-1437 A.D.) – which is now kept in Paris National Library with the number 190.  Taking a passing look into such illustrated works as Shahrokhi’s “Miraj Nameh” and Gustave Dore’s illustrations to “Divine Comedy”, we can find that these pictures contain unique similarities, specifically in the part “The Inferno” (disregarding historical references – through mimesis – and intertextual references in the creation of the pictures).  The present article is an endeavor to comparatively examine these pictures from a sign–semiotic point of view. Through sign–semiotic (structural) analysis and fundamental semantic contrasts in similar visual systems, it tries to recognize and discover their common denotations and play a more active role in comprehending their profound meanings and concepts. Therefore, one of the most important goals of the present study is the knowledge and discovery of similar visual systems in the two mentioned works through the analysis of profound semiotic and fundamental structures (actually the main topic of semiotics is the hidden structural connections which produce meaning and can be used as a means to analyze and access to the primary meaning of the dialogue, the text, or the language).  So, based on sign-semiotics, each visual text is regarded as a distinct system which can exhibit the dichotomous contrasts representing such visual systems through their analysis into component parts and elements. These contrasts include culture versus nature, death versus life, above versus below, left against right, and so on.  Next, after finding these contrasts in the pictures, we comment about their values, concepts, meanings, and implications. This study lets us gain a better knowledge of the profound structures in similar visual systems as well as recognize the degree of coordination and connection of these systems. After contrast of pictures, we encounter remarkable examples of the two texts. For instance, the contrast of “The Penalty of Disobedience to God’s Orders” from Shahrokhi’s “Miraj Nameh” with a picture from Dante’s “Divine Comedy” entitled “The Fraudulent ones and Schismatics tortured” (The Inferno: Canto 28) and also “The Proud tortured by Serpents” from “Miraj Nameh” with “The Thieves tortured by Serpents” from “Divine Comedy”(The Inferno: Canto 24). These pictures – 1 contrasting 2 and 3 contrasting 4 – share common time and interactive signs despite having contrastive extremes with similar denotations which will be dealt with later.}, keywords = {Illustration,Dante’s “Divine Comedy”,Shahrokhi’s “Miraj Nameh”,Semiology,Semiotics,Contrast,Denotation,connotation}, title_fa = {تطبیق نشانه- معناشناسی تصاویر دوزخ (در نگاره‌های معراج‌نامه شاهرخی و آثار دُره از کمدی الهی دانته)}, abstract_fa = { با نگاهی گُذرا به آثار نگارین معراج‌نامه شاهرخی (840 ه.ق) و تصویرسازی‌های کمدی الهی به ویژه در بخش دوزخ توسط گوستاو دُره (1870م) در می‌یابیم که این تصاویر شباهت‌های بی‌نظیری با هم دارند.کمدی الهی دانته که بزرگ‌ترین اثر ادبی اروپا در قرون وسطی (1300م/699 ه.ق) است و معراج‌نامه (شرحی که به صورت نثر درباره پدیده معراج پیامبر اکرم (ص) نوشته شده) به عنوان دو الگوی سفر معنوی و روحانی به عوالم پس از مرگ آدمی، برخاسته از باورهای قومی و دینی در دو فرهنگ غرب و شرق است. صرف نظر از ارجاعات تاریخی (از طریق ممسیس) و بینامتنی موجود در خلق تصاویر دو اثر مذکور که بازگو کننده مراحل گُذار و چگونگی رخدادها در این گونه آثار هستند، می‌توان گفت این مقاله سعی در بررسی تطبیقی این تصاویر در حوزة نشانه - معناشناسی دارد تا از این طریق با تحلیل نشانه‌شناختی (ساختارگرا) و تقابل‌های بنیادین معناشناختی در نظام‌های تصویری مشابه به شناخت و کشف دلالت‌های مشترک معنایی در آنها پرداخته و همچنین نقش پویاتری در درک مفاهیم عمیق درونی آنها ایفا کند. بنابراین از مهم‌ترین اهداف این پژوهش علاوه بر موارد فوق، شناخت‌ و کشف نظام‌های تصویری مشابه در این دو نسخه از طریق تجزیه و تحلیل ساختارهای ژرف است که مقوله‌های معناشناسی بنیادین در آن مطرح می‌شود و سپس خوانش مشابه و توجه به دلالت‌پردازی آنها. این مطالعه به ما اجازه می‌دهد علاوه بر شناخت بهتر ساختارهای ژرف در نظام‌های تصویری مشابه میزان همگرایی و ارتباط این نظام‌ها نیز شناسایی و معلوم شود‌. پس از تطبیـق تصاویر با نمونه‌هایی عالی از دو متن همچون مجازات دروغ گویان و متکبران در معراج‌نامه شاهرخی و شکنجه فریب‌کاران و دزدان در کمدی الهی مواجه شدیم که دارای قطب‌های متقابل با دلالت‌پردازی‌های مشابهی هستند که در ادامه به آن پرداخته خواهد شد.}, keywords_fa = {تصویرسازی,کمدی الهی,معراج‌نامه شاهرخی,نشانه‌شناسی,معناشناسی}, url = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5713.html}, eprint = {http://www.bagh-sj.com/article_5713_62885ba96f077fad453e736a93a6fbe6.pdf} }