Nazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-96352214620250723An Analysis of the Design Process of the 2 nd Generation of Leading Architects in the Post-Islamic Revolution of IranAn Analysis of the Design Process of the 2 nd Generation of Leading Architects in the Post-Islamic Revolution of Iran52622304510.22034/bagh.2025.480093.5674FASajadAeiniDepartment of Art & Architecture, Ma.c., Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-9425-0064FarhadShariatradDepartment of Architecture, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-7483-3142NavidJalaeian GhaneDepartment of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Khayyam University, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0001-9209-9148SabaHosseininasabDepartment of Architecture, School of Architecture and Environmental Design, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-9216-6451Journal Article20241012Problem statement: The contemporary architecture of Iran and the works formed in its context are the arena of representation of the current thoughts and discourses of Iranian society in this era. By reading the works of architecture and the resulting knowledge, one can get a proper understanding of the worldview that governs the platform. The problem of the research is to strive to answer the knowledge gap about the lack of registration of tacit knowledge that is created in the Intermediate of professional and academic education, to provide an opportunity to analyze the trend of the progressive architecture of Iran and to investigate the interaction of the professional platform and the progressive trend.<br />Research objective: The present research attempts to study and analyze the process capitals in the offices of the 2nd generation of leading architects after the revolution in Iran and to document and match them with the processes and methods known by process researchers, to record the concrete knowledge available in these offices, and the impact of quality of utilization of these processes. processes. The purpose is to gain knowledge of the process of upgrading and optimizing the design processes in the architectural offices of the second-generation architects’ post-revolution of Iran.<br />Research method: This research is qualitative research employing the grounded theory method, and, it uses library-documentary and field methods in data collection. Finally, the data analysis was carried out using MAXQDA software version 2020.<br />Conclusion: The results show that Iran’s professional society is transitioning from intuitive thinking to analytical thinking.Problem statement: The contemporary architecture of Iran and the works formed in its context are the arena of representation of the current thoughts and discourses of Iranian society in this era. By reading the works of architecture and the resulting knowledge, one can get a proper understanding of the worldview that governs the platform. The problem of the research is to strive to answer the knowledge gap about the lack of registration of tacit knowledge that is created in the Intermediate of professional and academic education, to provide an opportunity to analyze the trend of the progressive architecture of Iran and to investigate the interaction of the professional platform and the progressive trend.<br />Research objective: The present research attempts to study and analyze the process capitals in the offices of the 2nd generation of leading architects after the revolution in Iran and to document and match them with the processes and methods known by process researchers, to record the concrete knowledge available in these offices, and the impact of quality of utilization of these processes. processes. The purpose is to gain knowledge of the process of upgrading and optimizing the design processes in the architectural offices of the second-generation architects’ post-revolution of Iran.<br />Research method: This research is qualitative research employing the grounded theory method, and, it uses library-documentary and field methods in data collection. Finally, the data analysis was carried out using MAXQDA software version 2020.<br />Conclusion: The results show that Iran’s professional society is transitioning from intuitive thinking to analytical thinking.https://bagh-sj.com/article_223045_a93597e0a973be4a49671786c80f1047.pdfNazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-96352214620250723An Inquiry on the Concept of Vernacular Architecture of Mazandaran in the Contemporary Era
(Case Study: Sari City)An Inquiry on the Concept of Vernacular Architecture of Mazandaran in the Contemporary Era
(Case Study: Sari City)273622278410.22034/bagh.2025.502492.5764FAIsaHojatSchool of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran.Seyed YahyaIslamiSchool of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-5722-5487Seyed AliSeyedianDepartment of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.SaraMotevalliSchool of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20250209Problem statement: The emergence of vernacular architecture is the physical manifestation of the interaction between geographical and human components within a given ecosystem. In traditional eras, this interaction evolved through a gradual process; however, the transition to modernity has transformed this progression. What are the constructive components of an ecosystem, and how have they influenced the formation of vernacular architecture in Mazandaran Province across different historical periods?<br />Research objective: This study aims to identify the constructive components of an ecosystem and critically reflect on the concept of vernacular architecture in contemporary Mazandaran. Subsidiary objectives include extracting criteria and sub-criteria influencing physical manifestations of vernacular architecture.<br />Research method: Employing a qualitative approach with a historical-analytical method, the city of Sari was selected as the case study. Meta-synthesis of literature was conducted using MaxQDA 20 to identify criteria and sub-criteria. Pairwise comparison was used to calculate sub-criteria weights. Through purposive sampling, documentary studies, and field observations, contemporary vernacular architecture in Mazandaran was analyzed using a combined Emic (insider perspective) and Etic (outsider perspective) framework.<br />Conclusion: Results identify 43 constructive sub-criteria of the ecosystem, categorized under 5 geographical and 7 human criteria. Emic analysis reveals that the historic Āb-Anbār-e-No neighborhood scored 628. 66 points, while the contemporary Bakhsh-e-hasht scored 197.66. The etic comparison demonstrates incompatibility in contemporary sari’s physical manifestations due to misalignment with 21/ 43 sub-criteria, including precipitation & humidity, solar exposure & temperature, wind patterns & ventilation from geographical factors and habits & norms, customs & ethics, rituals & traditions from human factors causing dissonance with vernacular principles.Problem statement: The emergence of vernacular architecture is the physical manifestation of the interaction between geographical and human components within a given ecosystem. In traditional eras, this interaction evolved through a gradual process; however, the transition to modernity has transformed this progression. What are the constructive components of an ecosystem, and how have they influenced the formation of vernacular architecture in Mazandaran Province across different historical periods?<br />Research objective: This study aims to identify the constructive components of an ecosystem and critically reflect on the concept of vernacular architecture in contemporary Mazandaran. Subsidiary objectives include extracting criteria and sub-criteria influencing physical manifestations of vernacular architecture.<br />Research method: Employing a qualitative approach with a historical-analytical method, the city of Sari was selected as the case study. Meta-synthesis of literature was conducted using MaxQDA 20 to identify criteria and sub-criteria. Pairwise comparison was used to calculate sub-criteria weights. Through purposive sampling, documentary studies, and field observations, contemporary vernacular architecture in Mazandaran was analyzed using a combined Emic (insider perspective) and Etic (outsider perspective) framework.<br />Conclusion: Results identify 43 constructive sub-criteria of the ecosystem, categorized under 5 geographical and 7 human criteria. Emic analysis reveals that the historic Āb-Anbār-e-No neighborhood scored 628. 66 points, while the contemporary Bakhsh-e-hasht scored 197.66. The etic comparison demonstrates incompatibility in contemporary sari’s physical manifestations due to misalignment with 21/ 43 sub-criteria, including precipitation & humidity, solar exposure & temperature, wind patterns & ventilation from geographical factors and habits & norms, customs & ethics, rituals & traditions from human factors causing dissonance with vernacular principles.https://bagh-sj.com/article_222784_5548cd298ff1ab9507cfd2673d6c14bd.pdfNazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-96352214620250723An Investigation of the Impact of Physical Quality and Architectural Function of Housing Interior Space on Housing Choice:
A Comparison Between Stated and Revealed Preferences in ArakAn Investigation of the Impact of Physical Quality and Architectural Function of Housing Interior Space on Housing Choice:
A Comparison Between Stated and Revealed Preferences in Arak375422395010.22034/bagh.2025.510132.5776FAMahsaMokhtariDepartment of Architecture, Ar.C., Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.0000-0003-1436-4609Seyed MohammadrezaMiralayiDepartment of Architecture, Ar.C., Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.0000-0003-2462-251XRezaNasr IsfahaniDepartment of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Advanced Studies in Art and Entrepreneurship, Isfahan University of Art, Iran.0000-0002-8195-1339Journal Article20250303Problem statement: The significance and necessity of the physical and functional quality of housing architecture, in consort with the demographic characteristics of the household, play a key role in housing selection. In this process, households choose their housing from available options; there might be a discrepancy between their choices and their expectations as well as subjective preferences, and such a gap may lead to some dissatisfaction.<br />Research objective: a) To analyze the impact of the physical and functional quality of housing architecture and household characteristics on the selection of qualitative attributes of housing (i.e. physical and functional in the current situation), and b) To identify the expected quality of housing architecture for the household, which will ultimately lead to more practical knowledge for designing housing architecture that is more appropriate to the needs of each group of housing users.<br />Research method: This research is applied in terms of the purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The data were collected through a survey and field data using questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, and site observations. The samples of this study included households living in houses in the city of Arak. The samples were selected via random sampling based on Morgan’s table. For the reliability coefficient, the questionnaire was distributed among 700 people. In analyzing the data, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, mean, frequency distribution, skewness, elongation, and other statistical tests and Excel and SPSS software were used. <br />Conclusion: The results show that the physical and functional quality of architecture and demographic characteristics play a significant role in choosing housing. However, there are often significant differences between individuals’ subjective ideal preferences and their chosen housing, such as preference for semi-open space, flooring type, window size, location of semi-open space entrance, spatial privacy, kitchen design, etc. These findings emphasize the importance of an in-depth understanding of the subjective values and housing preferences of housing residents.Problem statement: The significance and necessity of the physical and functional quality of housing architecture, in consort with the demographic characteristics of the household, play a key role in housing selection. In this process, households choose their housing from available options; there might be a discrepancy between their choices and their expectations as well as subjective preferences, and such a gap may lead to some dissatisfaction.<br />Research objective: a) To analyze the impact of the physical and functional quality of housing architecture and household characteristics on the selection of qualitative attributes of housing (i.e. physical and functional in the current situation), and b) To identify the expected quality of housing architecture for the household, which will ultimately lead to more practical knowledge for designing housing architecture that is more appropriate to the needs of each group of housing users.<br />Research method: This research is applied in terms of the purpose and descriptive-analytical method. The data were collected through a survey and field data using questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, and site observations. The samples of this study included households living in houses in the city of Arak. The samples were selected via random sampling based on Morgan’s table. For the reliability coefficient, the questionnaire was distributed among 700 people. In analyzing the data, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, mean, frequency distribution, skewness, elongation, and other statistical tests and Excel and SPSS software were used. <br />Conclusion: The results show that the physical and functional quality of architecture and demographic characteristics play a significant role in choosing housing. However, there are often significant differences between individuals’ subjective ideal preferences and their chosen housing, such as preference for semi-open space, flooring type, window size, location of semi-open space entrance, spatial privacy, kitchen design, etc. These findings emphasize the importance of an in-depth understanding of the subjective values and housing preferences of housing residents.https://bagh-sj.com/article_223950_107ac8ed7fcbbed0b29cfdceb24a27b3.pdfNazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-96352214620250723Daylight Control in Greenhouse Environments Using Kinetic Skin and Annual Energy Consumption OptimizationDaylight Control in Greenhouse Environments Using Kinetic Skin and Annual Energy Consumption Optimization557222278510.22034/bagh.2025.511783.5783FAPouriaAbdaliFaculty of Art and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.0000-0002-5907-2709YaserGoldustFaculty of Art and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.0000-0001-5565-3920FerialAhmadiSchool of Public Health, University of Memphis, USA.0000-0001-5901-6072Journal Article20250312Problem statement: Shade-loving plants are sensitive to high-light intensity and grow in low-light environments. These plants, which constitute a significant component of indoor green landscapes, require an illuminance range of 300 to 1000 lux for optimal growth. Conversely, greenhouses rely on energy-intensive mechanical and electronic equipment to maintain ideal growth conditions, leading to increased energy consumption. Consequently, controlling daylight and reducing energy use in these production units are of great importance. Kinetic skins, as a sustainable architectural solution, have been employed in this study and play a crucial role in daylight control and energy consumption reduction.<br />Research objective: This study aims to propose an adaptive envelope for controlling daylight in greenhouses designed for shade-loving plants while reducing energy consumption in Babolsar.<br />Research method: This research employed a quasi-experimental approach. Initially, theoretical studies were examined through a literature review, then a software-based model was developed in Rhino and Grasshopper. The proposed envelope design was inspired by the traditional Orosi windows of Mazandaran and consisted of three geometric patterns: square, circle, and Dodecagon. Energy and daylight simulations were performed using Honeybee and Ladybug, where the energy analysis was conducted with the OpenStudio engine and daylight analysis with Radiance.<br />Conclusion: Among the three geometric patterns, the square pattern demonstrated the best performance in terms of daylighting and energy efficiency. Based on the Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) index, this envelope provided optimal daylight conditions for 63.2% to 91.4% of the time while transmitting excessive illuminance above 1000 lux less frequently than the other patterns. Regarding the annual Energy Use Intensity (EUI) index, the square pattern recorded the lowest energy consumption at 154. 19 kWh/m², reducing energy consumption by 13.75% compared to the base model. The findings indicate that the square geometry outperforms circular and Dodecagon geometries in the design of adaptive greenhouse panels.Problem statement: Shade-loving plants are sensitive to high-light intensity and grow in low-light environments. These plants, which constitute a significant component of indoor green landscapes, require an illuminance range of 300 to 1000 lux for optimal growth. Conversely, greenhouses rely on energy-intensive mechanical and electronic equipment to maintain ideal growth conditions, leading to increased energy consumption. Consequently, controlling daylight and reducing energy use in these production units are of great importance. Kinetic skins, as a sustainable architectural solution, have been employed in this study and play a crucial role in daylight control and energy consumption reduction.<br />Research objective: This study aims to propose an adaptive envelope for controlling daylight in greenhouses designed for shade-loving plants while reducing energy consumption in Babolsar.<br />Research method: This research employed a quasi-experimental approach. Initially, theoretical studies were examined through a literature review, then a software-based model was developed in Rhino and Grasshopper. The proposed envelope design was inspired by the traditional Orosi windows of Mazandaran and consisted of three geometric patterns: square, circle, and Dodecagon. Energy and daylight simulations were performed using Honeybee and Ladybug, where the energy analysis was conducted with the OpenStudio engine and daylight analysis with Radiance.<br />Conclusion: Among the three geometric patterns, the square pattern demonstrated the best performance in terms of daylighting and energy efficiency. Based on the Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) index, this envelope provided optimal daylight conditions for 63.2% to 91.4% of the time while transmitting excessive illuminance above 1000 lux less frequently than the other patterns. Regarding the annual Energy Use Intensity (EUI) index, the square pattern recorded the lowest energy consumption at 154. 19 kWh/m², reducing energy consumption by 13.75% compared to the base model. The findings indicate that the square geometry outperforms circular and Dodecagon geometries in the design of adaptive greenhouse panels.https://bagh-sj.com/article_222785_301244a5a650a391ce5a58a6ae9185aa.pdfNazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-96352214620250723A Representation of Afghan Women’s Presence in Gender-Discriminatory Spaces
(A Review of the Experience of Takht-E-Safar Park in Herat, Afghanistan)A Representation of Afghan Women’s Presence in Gender-Discriminatory Spaces
(A Review of the Experience of Takht-E-Safar Park in Herat, Afghanistan)738822264810.22034/bagh.2025.484312.5691FAZeinabHosseiniFaculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran.0009-0008-2389-3717HoomanGhahremaniFaculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran.0000-0002-6213-8537Journal Article20241221Problem statement: The perpetuation of gender-based discrimination and the marginalization of women’s roles in Afghan society has deeply deteriorated the social structure of urban spaces. In Herat, due to its unique socio-cultural and human geography, this issue becomes more acute, where women’s presence in urban spaces is often accompanied by fear and disorientation.<br />Research objective: Focusing on Takht-e-Safar Park in Herat, this study investigates how spatial and non-spatial factors influence women’s presence and use of gender-discriminatory urban spaces. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of women’s experiences, preferences, limitations, and individual strategies in navigating public spaces.<br />Research method: The study explores the lived realities affecting this issue by documenting and analyzing the spatial behaviors of women in Takht-e-Safar Park through visual data. These images were evaluated through expert analysis drawing on the perspectives of 10 urban specialists and sociologists from Herat. Their interpretations were subjected to content analysis. To validate these findings, responses from 40 female students in urban planning and related disciplines at Herat University were gathered through structured questionnaires and semantic differential tests.<br />Conclusion: Findings reveal that Afghan women’s presence and use of Takht-e-Safar Park result from the interplay of spatial and non-spatial agents, each of which is explored through various dimensions. These agents—rooted in politics, ethnicity, religion, and cultural norms—significantly shape women’s spatial behaviors and lead to distinct preferences regarding ideal public spaces. While some questionnaire results affirm earlier expert-based insights, others reflect a stronger influence of cultural-religious biases on women’s spatial choices.Problem statement: The perpetuation of gender-based discrimination and the marginalization of women’s roles in Afghan society has deeply deteriorated the social structure of urban spaces. In Herat, due to its unique socio-cultural and human geography, this issue becomes more acute, where women’s presence in urban spaces is often accompanied by fear and disorientation.<br />Research objective: Focusing on Takht-e-Safar Park in Herat, this study investigates how spatial and non-spatial factors influence women’s presence and use of gender-discriminatory urban spaces. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of women’s experiences, preferences, limitations, and individual strategies in navigating public spaces.<br />Research method: The study explores the lived realities affecting this issue by documenting and analyzing the spatial behaviors of women in Takht-e-Safar Park through visual data. These images were evaluated through expert analysis drawing on the perspectives of 10 urban specialists and sociologists from Herat. Their interpretations were subjected to content analysis. To validate these findings, responses from 40 female students in urban planning and related disciplines at Herat University were gathered through structured questionnaires and semantic differential tests.<br />Conclusion: Findings reveal that Afghan women’s presence and use of Takht-e-Safar Park result from the interplay of spatial and non-spatial agents, each of which is explored through various dimensions. These agents—rooted in politics, ethnicity, religion, and cultural norms—significantly shape women’s spatial behaviors and lead to distinct preferences regarding ideal public spaces. While some questionnaire results affirm earlier expert-based insights, others reflect a stronger influence of cultural-religious biases on women’s spatial choices.https://bagh-sj.com/article_222648_0462a2e5794587cf3fa0dfd89d0241a8.pdfNazar Research Center for Art, Architecture and Urbanism (NRC)The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar1735-96352214620250723An Investigation into the Alignment Level of Historical Houses in Iran with Sustainable Development Based on the Global Criteria of DGNB
Case Study: Zeinat-ol-Molk House, Shiraz, IranAn Investigation into the Alignment Level of Historical Houses in Iran with Sustainable Development Based on the Global Criteria of DGNB
Case Study: Zeinat-ol-Molk House, Shiraz, Iran8911022211610.22034/bagh.2025.481848.5678FAAhmadrezaKaboliDepartment of Architecture, Mahs. C., Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran.Mohammad AliRahimiDepartment of Architecture, Bu.C., Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.HoriehAzimaeiDepartment of Architecture, Bu.C., Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.0009-0008-9310-594XJournal Article20241010Problem statement: Ever-increasing population and the increasing residential structure, which expands a given city’s size, can end in irreversible damage to the environment, thus depriving future generations of the sense of city life. The pioneers in this field of study have sought to resolve this negative phenomenon by proposing sustainable architecture and introducing sustainability assessment systems. In this context, Iran, with its long history and magnificent architectural background, is a vivid example of considering on architecture of construction since ancient times.<br />Research objective: Assessing the adaptability of environmental components of the historical house(s) of Shiraz through the German DGNB assessment model to achieve an efficient design in strategy.<br />Research method: A comparative study was run to compare the similarities and dissimilarities of the German DGNB assessment system and the principles of Iranian architecture, to identify the development of construction fundamentals. The data are collected through library and document studies, next to interviews conducted with the residents of Zeinat-ol-Molk House, experts, and technical authorities involved. For this purpose, a checklist of their common criteria is prepared and assessed.<br />Conclusion: The subject house obtained the minimum score on social and functional qualities, which could have been reversed if the existing drawbacks, like measuring some criteria due to the interference of contemporary humans and visitors, lack of intelligent systems for user control, and the intelligent design system didn’t exist, next to negation of the criteria in design by all involved.Problem statement: Ever-increasing population and the increasing residential structure, which expands a given city’s size, can end in irreversible damage to the environment, thus depriving future generations of the sense of city life. The pioneers in this field of study have sought to resolve this negative phenomenon by proposing sustainable architecture and introducing sustainability assessment systems. In this context, Iran, with its long history and magnificent architectural background, is a vivid example of considering on architecture of construction since ancient times.<br />Research objective: Assessing the adaptability of environmental components of the historical house(s) of Shiraz through the German DGNB assessment model to achieve an efficient design in strategy.<br />Research method: A comparative study was run to compare the similarities and dissimilarities of the German DGNB assessment system and the principles of Iranian architecture, to identify the development of construction fundamentals. The data are collected through library and document studies, next to interviews conducted with the residents of Zeinat-ol-Molk House, experts, and technical authorities involved. For this purpose, a checklist of their common criteria is prepared and assessed.<br />Conclusion: The subject house obtained the minimum score on social and functional qualities, which could have been reversed if the existing drawbacks, like measuring some criteria due to the interference of contemporary humans and visitors, lack of intelligent systems for user control, and the intelligent design system didn’t exist, next to negation of the criteria in design by all involved.https://bagh-sj.com/article_222116_3613abd4b3188f043147b6f5a7b73b1a.pdf