https://bagh-sj.com/ The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar en daily 1 Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Fri, 22 May 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://bagh-sj.com/article_244402.html Architectural heritage, as a historical, cultural, and identity-defining asset, is currently facing extensive and escalating threats more than ever before. This heritage not only reflects the past and human civilizational achievements but also plays a fundamental role in shaping collective identity, social cohesion, and the cultural continuity of societies. Nevertheless, systematic destruction caused by wars and armed conflicts, gradual degradation resulting from climate change, extensive damage from natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and storms, as well as poor planning, managerial negligence, and improper interventions, have exposed a significant portion of the world’s historical and architectural monuments to the risk of annihilation or irreparable harm. The architectural heritage of Islamic countries, stretching from Andalusia in the west to Southeast Asia in the east, constitutes a rare and unparalleled treasure of art, culture, technical knowledge, and historical experience. This heritage encompasses prominent religious, educational, and governmental edifices, historical urban and rural fabrics, public spaces, as well as traditional construction systems and indigenous technologies developed over centuries. These monuments clearly reflect the cultural, religious, and social values of the people in Islamic lands, illustrating the creative interaction between humans and their environment, climate, and natural resources.In recent decades, unfortunately, a large number of invaluable architectural monuments in Islamic countries—including Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan, Libya, and even Iran—have either been completely destroyed or are under severe threat. The destruction of architectural heritage in these regions is not merely the loss of buildings; rather, it signifies the eradication of historical memory, the weakening of cultural identity, and the disruption of historical continuity within societies. Therefore, safeguarding this heritage is not solely a specialized or national duty, but rather a shared responsibility at the regional and international levels. Given the foundational role of architectural heritage in strengthening identity, solidarity, and cultural dialogue in the Islamic world, organizing scientific and specialized conferences in this field is an undeniable necessity.Emphasizing the invaluable monuments and sites of the Islamic world, the International Conference on “Architectural Heritage at Risk” seeks to create a scientific platform for scholars, researchers, conservation experts, and cultural managers to convene. It aims to analyze the current situation, exchange experiences, and provide practical and scientific solutions for the conservation, restoration, and sustainable management of this shared treasure.The International Conference on “Architectural Heritage at Risk” was held on October 19–20, 2025, in collaboration with the Rab’-e Rashidi Scientific, Cultural and Historical Complex, the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA) affiliated with the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and Tabriz Islamic Art University. During this conference, following the peer-review process of the submitted full papers, 16 articles were selected for oral presentation. Additionally, from the total submissions, 18 papers were forwarded for publication in scientific-research journals approved by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, while the remaining accepted papers were published in the conference proceedings. This conference represents an effective step toward raising awareness, strengthening scientific collaborations, and drawing global attention to the imperative of protecting the endangered architectural heritage of the Islamic world. https://bagh-sj.com/article_243070.html Statement statement: Adobe buildings—among the oldest works and human-made structures—were once the primary shelters for people and, even today, still maintain their use in parts of the world. As one of the oldest construction materials, adobe has continuously been exposed to vulnerability against environmental factors such as moisture, rainfall, temperature fluctuations, and weathering. This issue, particularly in historic adobe structures, leads to gradual deterioration and a reduction in the structures’ durability. In this context, the need to protect these adobe ensembles—whose structural damage has already been exacerbated by natural and human factors—becomes evident.Research objective:This research aims to introduce and evaluate traditional and modern strategies used to reinforce adobe brick against damaging environmental factors, including moisture.Research method: The present study is descriptive-analytical. Data collection is conducted through documentary studies (library-based research).Conclusion: The results indicate that although traditional methods remain important due to their compatibility with local climate, accessibility, and low cost, their effectiveness under harsh climatic conditions is limited. In contrast, modern technologies have been able to improve the durability of adobe more effectively, although high costs and incomplete compatibility with historical fabric are among their main challenges. Ultimately, the study emphasizes that combining traditional and modern approaches—and applying findings from research—shows that traditional methods such as adding straw and using straw-clay (kāhgāl) plaster, despite being simple, inexpensive, and environmentally compatible, have limited durability against moisture and severe conditions. Conversely, modern solutions based on chemical and nano-materials provide greater mechanical resistance and stability. Therefore, the best approach is to integrate these two categories of methods to achieve both durability and architectural authenticity. https://bagh-sj.com/article_243906.html Problem statement: In recent years, the increasing frequency of natural and human-induced crises, such as earthquakes, war, and climate change, has created serious challenges for the conservation and reconstruction of historic architectural heritage. Conventional approaches to restoration and reconstruction are predominantly reproductive and form-oriented in nature, paying limited attention to adaptive, temporal, and resilient mechanisms at the material level. In this context, biomimetics, as an approach inspired by the behavioral and process-based logic of nature, can provide a theoretical foundation for rethinking the adaptive reconstruction of historic heritage, particularly when it moves beyond mere formal imitation and becomes oriented toward the behavior of materials.Research objective: Focusing on Bio-Lime as an example of material-oriented biomimetics, this study seeks to explain the capacities of self-healing lime-based materials in the restoration and adaptive reconstruction of architectural heritage.Research method: This study employed a comparative analysis and a systematic review of recent studies in the fields of self-healing materials, lime mortars, and bio-based additives. The selected studies were analyzed according to criteria such as material type, self-healing mechanism, degree of compatibility with historic restoration, and functional outcomes.Conclusion: The findings indicate that, unlike conventional self-healing systems based on concrete, lime-based materials—and Bio-Lime in particular—possess an inherent capacity for gradual, low-energy, and historically compatible self-healing through natural processes such as carbonation, rehydration, and microstructural modification. The findings further suggest that bio-based additives can purposefully enhance this capacity and contribute to improving the durability and physical resilience of historic buildings without causing chemical incompatibility. Accordingly, this study proposes a conceptual framework for adaptive reconstruction based on material-oriented biomimetics, which can support a transition from static restoration toward adaptive and future-oriented reconstruction in historic sites in Iran, particularly Rabʿ-e Rashidi in Tabriz. https://bagh-sj.com/article_243907.html Problem statement: The tension between the imperatives of modern urban development (such as commercialization and tourism infrastructure) and the necessity of architectural heritage conservation threatens the integrity of the historic fabrics of Tabriz and Yazd. Furthermore, the lack of precise documentation and the weak enforcement of conservation laws have exacerbated this crisis.Research objective: To conduct a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the destructive impacts of development on architectural heritage, identify the spatial patterns of degradation, and evaluate the effectiveness of existing conservation frameworks.Research method: This study employs an “explanatory sequential mixed-methods design” grounded in the “Historic Urban Landscape (HUL)” paradigm. In the quantitative phase, 156 heritage parcels were utilized as “urban sensors” for field surveying and GIS analysis. In the qualitative phase, employing a “nested sampling” strategy with a focus on “deviant cases,” 47 interviews were conducted with stakeholders of the most severely degraded parcels to inductively generalize micro-level observations.Conclusion: The findings confirm that micro-level alterations have systematically driven destructive macro-level transformations. Specifically, 34.6% of the samples in Tabriz (predominantly due to commercial regeneration in the Bazaar) and 28.6% in Yazd (driven by rapid hotel construction in the Fahadan district) have sustained structural damage. The research identifies three primary mechanisms driving this loss—”hidden degradation,” “structural instability,” and “gentrification”—and emphasizes the urgent need for a transition to the HUL conservation approach. https://bagh-sj.com/article_243176.html Problem statement: Iran, with its valuable architectural heritage, is situated in one of the most seismically active regions of the world; therefore, special attention is required to ensure the protection of its historical buildings. East Azerbaijan Province, in the northwest of the country, with its prominent historical churches, represents a clear example of this necessity. Studies indicate that out of forty-nine identified churches in this province, only thirteen remain standing, while the majority have been damaged or destroyed due to natural and human-induced factors.Research objective: This study aims to assess the safety and analyze the seismic vulnerability of eight selected historical churches in the province and to develop a prioritized list for their conservation.Research method: The research adopts a comparative mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods to ensure the accuracy of the results. Qualitative assessment was conducted on-site using Italian conservation guidelines, while quantitative evaluation was carried out using the 3Muri software to simulate the behavior of masonry walls.Conclusion: The findings indicate that the seismic safety index of the churches is less than one, demonstrating the vulnerability of these historical structures to seismic events and highlighting the urgent need for intervention and the implementation of appropriate conservation measures. A comparison of qualitative and quantitative assessment outputs revealed that the qualitative approach is more conservative than the quantitative method. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches in a comprehensive assessment process to guide sustainable conservation strategies for national architectural heritage. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242960.html Problem statement: In recent years, tourism growth in many historical sites and monuments has been accompanied by factors such as overtourism and undertourism, phenomena that can threaten the physical, managerial, and perceptual sustainability of cultural heritage. Despite its outstanding historical value, the Rabʿ e Rashidi historical site in Tabriz, as one of the most prominent complexes of the Ilkhanid period, has often been overlooked within the urban tourism system of Tabriz. Due to the absence of quantitative and spatial analyses concerning visitor distribution patterns, intensity of spatial use, and the tourism carrying capacity, the site has remained under examined in these respects.Research objective: This study aims to evaluate the tourism carrying capacity of the Rabʿ e Rashidi historical site in Tabriz with the purpose of addressing the imbalance in tourism activity and planning for the reduction of physical degradation of the archaeological complex. The research seeks to answer the following question: Considering contemporary approaches to heritage site tourism, what is the tourism carrying capacity of the Rabʿ e Rashidi historical site in Tabriz?Research method: This research employs a mixed method strategy, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches through library studies and field surveys. The study estimates the Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) and presents results across three primary levels of carrying capacity analysis: Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), and Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC).Conclusion: Findings indicate that this valuable historical site, when physical, environmental, and managerial factors are taken into account, will fall within the range of minimal tourism by 2025. According to the calculated data, of the original 90 hectare area of Rabʿ e Rashidi, currently less than 13 hectares are recoverable, and the site is capable of hosting more than 5,000 visitors per day. However, on average, only about 7 visitors per day have visited the site throughout the year. https://bagh-sj.com/article_243908.html Problem statement: In Iran, fortresses are generally classified into two categories: mountain fortresses and plain fortresses. Mountain fortresses were constructed along mountain passes, on ridgelines, beside valleys, or near rivers, primarily with the purpose of providing security and defense. In northwestern Iran, due to its distinctive topographical features, thousands of mountain fortresses exist. These structures have been built from the fourth millennium BCE coinciding with the emergence of political and social instability and their construction continued until the Qajar period. The architectural plans of these fortresses were strongly influenced by the topographical characteristics of their surrounding landscapes, and local stone materials were predominantly used in their construction. Owing to their mountainous geographical setting and the use of indigenous materials, these fortresses are highly vulnerable to various forms of deterioration. The research addresses two main questions: What materials were most commonly used in the construction of mountain fortresses? And which factors have had the greatest impact on their deterioration? Research method: This article, employing a descriptive-analytical method and relying on both fieldwork and library-based studies, examines the natural and human factors contributing to the destruction of these monuments, including precipitation, frost action, soil erosion, and anthropogenic impacts. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the primary construction materials of mountain fortresses in northwestern Iran are stone and sarooj mortar, while factors such as erosion, earthquakes, human intervention, and environmental conditions have had the most significant impact on their destruction. https://bagh-sj.com/article_212708.html today's, the presence of people in public spaces such as commercial complexes has decreased due to neglecting the sociability approach, and as a result, people's communication and social relations are also declining in these spaces. Public areas play an important role in the sociability of people. These territories, which are closely related to people's spirit, in addition to their architectural characteristics such as form, geometry, shape, etc., also affect the level of sociability of people through their private territories. At the same time, the different characteristics of these territories create different levels of sociability due to the architecture used in their space, which improves the social relations of people.Today, with the decrease in the attention of designers and architects to the approach of sociability in public spaces such as commercial complexes, the amount of communication and social interaction of people in these places has been greatly reduced, which was very important in the traditional markets of Iran. This type of reduction in people's sociability and interaction and communication has been able to create problems at various individual and collective levels, which at the individual level can be referred to the lack of health and mental and physical improvement of people, followed by a decrease in belonging to public spaces such as He witnessed commercial complexes and markets and at the collective level he witnessed the reduction of social interactions, the increase of crime, the reduction of security and over time the reduction of social stability. The aim of the research is to explain the influencing components of sociability on the factors of spatial layout of business complexes in Shiraz city. The research method is qualitative-quantitative research https://bagh-sj.com/article_242293.html Problem statementTomb architecture is one of the prominent domains of Iranian architecture. In the Islamic period, the Seljuk and Ilkhanid periods were turning points in Iranian tomb architecture development; a trend that continued in later periods. This research is dedicated to examining the architectural features of tomb buildings in the village of Shisheh-Riz in Golshan County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province. These buildings have not been studied systematically and with an architectural analysis approach. Therefore, analyzing the architecture of these tombs can pave the way for a better understanding of another part of Iranian architectural heritage.Research objectivesThe main objective of this research is to identify and analyze the structural and physical features of Shisheh-Riz tombs, along with examining their visual, conceptual, and formal similarities with other tomb buildings in Iran, especially those belonging to the same historical periods.Research methodThis research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, with observations and field visits, and the study and review of archives such as travelogues and historical documents. The selected cases were the eight historical tombs in the village of Shisheh-Riz. The reason for selecting this number was based on the accessibility, the possibility of its documents and field research. Therefore, the sampling method was purposeful and finally the data was analyzed qualitatively.ConclusionUnique architectural features of the Shisheh-Riz tombs include banded hole decorations in walls, the use of patkin arches in the interior space, and particularly the method of making domed corners with pendentive, which is distinct from the tradition of making domed corners with squinch in previous periods of Iranian architecture and largely determines the age of the building, since pendentive was common in tomb buildings during the Ilkhanid period in Iran. Also, some decorative motifs inside the buildings were partially identified by examining historical texts. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242294.html Problem Statement: With the expansion of interactive graphics in contemporary cities—particularly within both animated and static posters—the concept of interaction has increasingly become tied to the active, multisensory participation of citizens. However, within the dynamic and multilayered fabric of the city, the interactive potential of these media and the agentive role of passersby have received limited scholarly attention. Richard Mayer’s theory of multimedia learning offers a suitable framework for analyzing citizens’ perceptual experiences and enhancing the interactive function of urban posters. Accordingly, revisiting the notion of interaction in posters and aligning it with Mayer’s principles is essential for analyzing audience perception and learning processes. This study seeks to answer the following questions: How is interaction represented in animated and static urban posters, and what role do multimedia learning principles play in shaping the audience’s interactive experience in urban space? Research Objective: To reinterpret the concept of interaction and apply multimedia learning principles to interactive urban posters and audience experience. Research Method: This is a fundamental research with a qualitative approach, employing descriptive–analytical and comparative methods, and it carries an applied dimension. Data were collected from reputable library and online sources and examined with a focus on Mayer’s theoretical principles. In this regard, two interactive posters were analyzed as case studies: the animated poster Volt Format and the static poster Arsenic Season Opening, both of which align with urban graphic applications and serve as notable examples of multisensory interaction in the city environment. Conclusion: Findings indicate that interaction in animated and static urban posters manifests in two forms: physical and perceptual. Moreover, aligning Mayer’s multimedia principles—including dual channels, limited capacity, and active processing—enhances the intentional use of citizens’ sensory channels and increases message retention in their working memory. Consequently, the audience transforms from a passive receiver into an active, participatory meaning-maker. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242594.html In contemporary research, the significance of natural light in the lives of the elderly has transcended mere visual considerations. Studies indicate that daylight profoundly influences circadian rhythm regulation, sleep quality improvement, depression reduction, and cognitive function enhancement in elderly individuals. However, a comprehensive understanding of the non-visual effects of natural light, particularly in home environments and personal residences, remains incomplete. This study aims to systematically review scientific literature on the non-visual effects of natural light on the elderly in individual housing, identifying research trends while delineating existing dimensions and gaps in the field. The research methodology follows a systematic review approach, utilising national and international academic databases. Keywords such as natural light, elderly, non-visual effects, personal housing, and circadian rhythm were searched within 2000 to 2024, with inclusion and exclusion criteria applied for data refinement. A scientometric approach was also employed, leveraging VOSviewer software to identify high-frequency keywords and co-citation networks. Findings indicate that natural light, particularly during morning hours, plays a pivotal role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle of the elderly, contributing to improved sleep patterns, increased alertness, and reduced depressive symptoms. Moreover, optimal architectural design—incorporating well-positioned windows, skylights, and appropriate spectral lighting—can enhance cognitive performance and mental well-being in elderly individuals within their homes. The results underscore that natural light is one of the most influential environmental factors affecting elderly health and should be optimally integrated into residential architectural design. Ensuring adequate daylight exposure and carefully controlling its intensity and spectrum can serve as fundamental strategies to enhance the quality of life for the elderly and mitigate age-related disorders. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242731.html Problem statement: A significant number of dramas created, published, or performed in the Kurdish language are rooted in stories, legends, and epics previously composed by Kurdish writers and poets. Among these works, some have received particular attention and inspired numerous playwrights.The epic Mem û Zîn stands out as one such work that has served as the foundation for numerous dramas and other literary and artistic genres. Composed by Ahmad Khani in the second half of the 17th century, it represents the first long-form poetic work written in the Kurdish language.Research objective: This article employs Linda Hutcheon's theories of adaptation to examine the diverse influences of Mem û Zîn on Kurdish dramas. It seeks to answer the central question: What impact has this epic had on Kurdish playwriting, and what similarities and differences exist between the original work and its dramatic adaptations?Research method: The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology based on Hutcheon's adaptation framework, utilizing available library resources, the original epic, and three selected dramatic adaptations: Mem û Zîn by Pîrê Merd, Mem û Zîn by Rasul Bangin, and Mem û Zîn by Talat Saman.Conclusion: The findings reveal that:1. Mem û Zîn remains one of the most popular source texts for Kurdish dramatic creations.2. While maintaining core similarities with the original, Kurdish playwrights have infused their unique perspectives into their adaptations, reinterpreting the epic through various theatrical lenses for contemporary performance. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242870.html Problem Statement: At first glance, the concept of urban rhythms is often understood merely as repetitive temporal patterns or a technical lens for analyzing everyday urban life. However, beyond this superficial interpretation lies a deeper theoretical landscape that has not yet been systematically explored. Therefore, there is a need to identify and classify the diverse theoretical domains that shape the understanding of spatial-temporal dynamics in contemporary cities.Research Question and Aim: This study seeks to answer the fundamental question: “What are the main theoretical domains associated with urban rhythms, and how can these domains be systematically identified, classified, and conceptually represented?” The main aim is to develop an integrated theoretical framework that maps, organizes, and interprets the core conceptual interactions underpinning urban rhythm studies, with particular emphasis on Henri Lefebvre’s theory of rhythm-analysis.Methodology: Adopting a mixed-method approach, the research was conducted in two main stages. First, a bibliometric analysis was performed on 1,539 scholarly documents indexed in Scopus (1994–2024) to identify dominant research streams and recurrent conceptual clusters. In the second stage, a systematic qualitative meta-synthesis was applied to 521 selected articles, using thematic coding and clustering in ATLAS.ti. This process led to the construction of a conceptual network illustrating theoretical interrelations within the field of urban rhythms.Findings and Conclusion: The analysis revealed five major conceptual clusters: Temporal and Rhythmic Structures, Spatial and Urban Theory, Everyday Practices and Embodiment, Socio-Political Dimensions of Space, and Production and Political Economy. Collectively, these clusters indicate that urban rhythms are multi-dimensional and multi-temporal phenomena arising from the intersection of spatial, temporal, social, embodied, and political processes. The study provides a comprehensive theoretical and analytical framework that deepens the understanding of rhythmic complexity in urban life and offers a foundation for advancing future research in spatial-social rhythmanalysis and contemporary urban theory. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242961.html Problem Statement: The scarcity of natural landscapes in contemporary residential settings and the disconnection between humans and nature in modern societies deprive residents of the tranquilizing benefits of natural environments. Consequently, enhancing subjective well-being and mental health has come to be known as a critical challenge in residential setting design.Research Objective: The present study was an attempt to identify and classify the dominant perspectives of architectural experts familiar with biophilic design principles regarding the influence of nature-based design on the subjective well-being of residents in residential complexes.Methodology: the present heuristic study is fundamental in terms of objective and falls into the category of descriptive survey studies in terms of data collection. The Delphi method was employed to identify expert perspectives, and Q factor analysis was used to classify their perceptual patterns. In the Delphi phase, 20 experts in architectural education and design were selected through purposive, non probability sampling. The sample size was justified by the inclusive recruitment of experts with distinct views and their participation in the study. A Likert scale questionnaire for Q factor analysis was then administered to the experts, and the data were analyzed with SPSS 27.Conclusion:The findings revealed four dominant subjective patterns among architectural experts: Objective pattern (visual quality of nature) 14.635%, Functional pattern (structure of nature) – 13.027%, Semantic pattern (semantic relationship with nature) – 12.879% and Sensory pattern (non visual physics of nature) – 9.996%. These four patterns indicate that architectural experts consider nature effective in improving residents’ subjective well being from four perspectives: visual, functional, semantic, and non visual. https://bagh-sj.com/article_242962.html Problem Statement: Isfahan's historic urban fabric, a UNESCO World Heritage site, functions as both a visual attraction and a dynamic space for pedestrian experiences. While pedestrian-oriented development gains prominence, existing research focusing on physical metrics has overlooked how tourists construct place meaning, creating mismatches between urban interventions and actual user experiences in heritage settings.Objective: This study analyzes tourists' lived experiences in Isfahan's historic context to identify semantic themes shaping sense of place and examine physical, social, and aesthetic factors' roles in this process, aiming to bridge theoretical models and human experiences.Research Questions:1. How do tourists describe walking experiences in Isfahan's historic fabric?2. What factors influence place experience quality?3. What discrepancies exist between spatial models and real pedestrian experiences?Method: Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), data from 16 tourists collected via semi-structured interviews were analyzed thematically, revealing six core themes.Findings: Four primary themes emerged: "Signs and Wayfinding," "Visual Beauty and Legibility," "Socio-Economic Activities," and "Environmental Comfort." The "Spatial vs. Experiential Discrepancy" theme showed quantitative models' limitations in capturing meaning-making. Domestic tourists demonstrated emotional/identity-based perceptions while international tourists exhibited aesthetic/analytical perspectives.Conclusion: Pedestrian experience in Isfahan is multidimensional, formed through physical-sensory-social interactions. Findings advocate for place-based, human-centered policies in historic urban management to enhance tourist experiences while preserving cultural heritage, recommending integration of qualitative data with conventional approaches. https://bagh-sj.com/article_243376.html 1. Problem StatementThe global transition to the fifth industrial revolution (Industry 5.0) necessitates a re-evaluation of industrial space architecture. Productive architecture, by aligning spatial design with production processes, enhancing workplace quality, and leveraging smart technologies, can significantly boost the productivity of heavy industries. However, many of Iran’s heavy industrial complexes still grapple with challenges such as physical obsolescence, spatial structure misalignment with production systems, and poor adaptability to technological advancements.2. Research ObjectivesThis paper aims to propose an architectural design model for productive spaces tailored to the requirements of Industry 5.0.3. Research MethodologyThis study employed a qualitative approach utilizing a two-round Delphi technique. In the first round, initial indicators were extracted through a systematic literature review, and a proposed theoretical framework was developed. In the second round, the perspectives of 23 experts in industrial architecture and productivity were gathered and evaluated over two stages, with indicators finalized based on an 80% consensus criterion.4. ConclusionThe findings led to the identification of 19 key indicators across three main axes: (1) space ownership and operational models, (2) technical, technological, and energy considerations, and (3) spatial planning and functional organization. Consequently, a conceptual model for the productive architecture of Iran’s heavy industries within the context of Industry 5.0 was defined. The results of this research can serve as a foundation for designing and regenerating the country’s industrial spaces, contributing to enhanced productivity, sustainability, and improved workplace quality in heavy industries. https://bagh-sj.com/article_243397.html Problem Statement: Urbanization and uncontrolled physical expansion of cities, without consideration of climatic consequences, have led to rising ambient temperatures and a subsequent decline in thermal comfort and quality of life for residents in outdoor spaces within hot and arid climates. Although vegetation can enhance thermal comfort through shading and radiation mitigation, the effectiveness of this strategy at the microscale, such as in residential alleys, remains uncertain and warrants further investigation. Research Objective: This study evaluates the role of vegetation in moderating thermal comfort at the microscale in urban spaces within a hot and arid climate. Methodology: Two alleys with similar physical characteristics but different vegetation conditions in the Kholdebarin neighborhood of Shiraz, Iran, were selected. Field data, including air temperature and relative humidity were collected during peak heat hours. Following simulation of the study environment in ENVI-met, the data were analyzed using the PMV index in Bio-MET.Conclusion: Results indicate that the maximum temperature difference was approximately 2°C, while the PMV index remained in the "very hot" range. Despite the relative effect of vegetation, this degree of change is insufficient to provide thermal comfort. The findings demonstrate that tree species and canopy form play a significant role in improving thermal conditions. This study emphasizes that effective green space design incorporating trees with wide canopies is more impactful than simply planting trees with limited canopy cover. https://bagh-sj.com/article_243690.html Statement of the problem: Informal settlements, as a growing phenomenon in metropolises, face numerous physical, social, and behavioral challenges. One of the less studied aspects is the impact of the physical structure of these settlements on the behavioral patterns of residents. This study addresses the issue of how physical-spatial characteristics affect people's daily behavior.Objective: The main objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between physical-spatial structure and behavioral patterns of residents in Morteza Gerd neighborhood as an example of an informal settlement in District 19 of Tehran. Also, identifying the types of behavioral spaces formed in response to this structure is considered a secondary objective of the research.Research Methodology: This study was conducted using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) and an applied approach. Data were collected and analyzed using various techniques including library studies, field observations, distribution of 378 resident questionnaires, as well as spatial analysis of the physical structure of the area (using the spatial layout method) and prioritization of areas based on research criteria (using the TOPSIS technique). Findings and Conclusions: The results of the study show that the physical-spatial structure plays a very important role in shaping the behavior of residents. Areas with better access, appropriate uses, and more open space witnessed richer social behaviors and a higher sense of belonging. In contrast, areas that were adjacent to industrial uses or had poor access reduced social interactions and feelings of insecurity. Overall, this study concludes that any planning to improve the quality of life in these settlements should begin with improving the physical-spatial structure and paying attention to its relationship with resident behavior. https://bagh-sj.com/article_244769.html Feminism, as an intellectual and social discourse, has consistently sought to deconstruct and challenge inequitable gender-based power structures. Within this context, photography, as a potent medium for representation and meaning-making, plays a pivotal role in articulating and disseminating feminist ideals. The primary objective of this research is to conduct a discourse analysis of feminism in contemporary Iranian photography. Specifically, it focuses on how feminist concerns are represented in the works of prominent Iranian photographers and examines their visual strategies for critiquing or redefining gender norms within the socio-cultural landscape of Iran. The central research question is: According to Gillian Rose's method of discourse analysis, what concepts constitute the discourse of contemporary feminist photography in Iran? This study employs a qualitative methodology grounded in Gillian Rose's framework for visual discourse analysis, which is structured around four key sites: production, the image itself, circulation, and audience. For data analysis, a purposive selection of works by leading contemporary Iranian photographers was curated. The findings reveal that the photographers under study have approached the representation of feminism in their photographic works through diverse strategies. The direct challenging of gender stereotypes (57%), depicting hidden resistance and empowerment (18%), and the redefinition of female identity within a specific cultural context (28%) are the principal factors contributing to the production of feminist discourses in contemporary Iranian photography. https://bagh-sj.com/article_244771.html AbstractProblem Statement:Walkability is one of the key indicators of urban environmental quality and a prerequisite for achieving a sustainable city. In commercial and administrative fabrics, the dominance of motorized traffic over pedestrian spaces reduces the quality of the walking experience, decreases citizens’ satisfaction, and intensifies conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians—conflicts that constitute a major barrier to urban vitality and public health.Objective:The aim of this study is to assess citizens’ satisfaction with walkability and to determine the priority of factors affecting it in the Mir Emad neighborhood of Isfahan, in order to provide a framework for improving the quality of pedestrian spaces and guiding urban planning decisions.Methodology:This research is descriptive in nature. Data were collected through 113 valid Likert-scale questionnaires administered to residents, shopkeepers, and pedestrians. The variables examined include safety and security, pavement quality, spatial legibility, land-use diversity, and climatic comfort. Quantitative analyses were conducted using the AdaBoost machine learning algorithm, and qualitative analyses were carried out through an interpretable examination of respondents’ comments.Conclusion:The results indicate that the AdaBoost algorithm has a satisfactory ability to explain variations in citizens’ satisfaction (coefficient of determination ≈ 0.71). Reducing motor traffic and improving walkability play the most significant role in increasing citizens’ satisfaction, followed by route safety, sidewalk quality, and nighttime lighting. Therefore, in commercial–administrative contexts, enhancing the quality of pedestrian environments cannot be achieved solely through physical improvements; it also requires sustainable transport policies, traffic management, reduced car use, and the provision of safe pedestrian routes. https://bagh-sj.com/article_244772.html Statement of the problem: The environmental and economic challenges of the construction industry have made the necessity of utilizing new technologies more evident than ever. In the meantime, 3D printing concrete, as an emerging approach, has a significant capacity to reduce waste, save time, and improve productivity. Numerous pioneering studies have addressed these issues with methodologies and case studies, but there is still a lack of an analytical framework among them. Research objective: To investigate and achieve a framework that clearly defines the effective method, process, and tool in the field of life cycle assessment knowledge in the discussion of 3D printing. Research method: The present study, using the method of logical-analytical reasoning and a systematic review of research literature and library research, has examined life cycle assessment frameworks and identified key factors in this field. Conclusion: The results show that concrete materials, especially cement, have the largest share in carbon dioxide emissions and account for about 52% of the total environmental impacts. In contrast, the replacement of recycled materials, especially in the aggregates sector, depending on the consumption ratio, can reduce these impacts by 24 to 47%. From an economic perspective, this technology also has the potential to save up to about 78%. Despite these advantages, the variability in the performance unit, system limitations, and the limitations of industrial-scale data prevent direct comparison of results. Accordingly, standardization of life cycle assessment methodology and development of real-scale experimental studies are prerequisites for the sustainable use of 3D printing of concrete in future architecture and urban development. https://bagh-sj.com/article_244990.html Statement of the problem: One of the fundamental questions in the field of architectural history and theory is how to draw the future of architecture and contemporary architectural criticism. In this regard, the present study examines the architecture of contemporary Iranian monuments during the years 1978 to 1991 with the approach of contemporary criticism and models of the theory of outstanding architecture.Research objective: The main objective is to analyze the discourse of “authenticity” and “technology” in monuments, emphasizing the role of these two factors in shaping architectural innovation. The study attempts to explain the theoretical and semantic capacities and the link between authenticity and technology in the innovative horizons of architectural design.Research method: This study used a mixed exploratory approach (one qualitative stage and two quantitative stages). The qualitative part examined the data using documentary methods and content analysis of the discourse of outstanding architecture, analyzed 17 monuments, and identified the main themes. In the quantitative part, first, a questionnaire with 8 items was created and its validity and reliability were measured with correlation and expert approval. Then, by surveying and analyzing the data with the Friedman test, 8 landmark monuments were ranked by experts in the field to achieve a link between qualitative and quantitative findings to understand the concept of innovation in contemporary Iranian architecture.Conclusion: The findings show that "technology" plays a vital role in architectural innovation alongside "originality". Originality includes shape, form, structural principles, and relationship with the environment, and technology includes materials and construction techniques. Finally, the tomb of Avicenna had the highest level of contemporaneity, followed by the tombs of Khayyam, Hafez, Kamal al-Molk, Nader Shah Afshar, Ferdowsi, Saadi, and Baba Taher, in order.