تأملی بر نقش عوامل شنیداری منظر صوتی فضاهای آموزشی شهر قزوین بر مبنای نقشه‌‌های شناختی (نمونۀ مورد مطالعه: مدرسۀ شاهد نرگس قزوین)

دوره 21، شماره 141
اسفند 1403
صفحه 27-42

نوع مقاله : مقالۀ پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه معماری، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه معماری، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه معماری، واحد قزوین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قزوین، ایران.

چکیده
بیان مسئله: صداها عاملی مهم در شناخت محیط هستند و در برقراری ارتباط با محیط و دیگر افراد نقش به‌سزایی ایفا می‌‌کنند. صداها به‌صورت مستقیم بر حواس شنوایی انسان اثر می‌‌گذارند و در نحوۀ درک انسان مؤثر هستند. تنوع صداها در یک محیط منجر به شکل‌‌گیری منظرهای صوتی گوناگون می‌‌شود. انواع عوامل شنیداری و غیرشنیداری در شکل‌‌گیری منظر صوتی نقش قابل قبولی ایفا می‌‌کنند. عوامل شنیداری شامل مؤلفه‌‌های آنتروفونی، بیوفونی و ژئوفونی هستند که محور اصلی بحث این پژوهش هستند.
هدف پژوهش: هدف از این پژوهش بررسی عوامل شنیداری منظر صوتی فضاهای آموزشی شهر قزوین بر مبنای نقشه‌‌های شناختی است و مدرسۀ شاهد نرگس قزوین به‌عنوان نمونۀ مورد پژوهش انتخاب شد. ازاین‌‌رو، مؤلفه‌‌های آنتروفونی، بیوفونی و ژئوفونی در مدرسۀ مذکور و محدودۀ پیرامون آن بررسی شدند.  
روش پژوهش: روش این پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی و پیمایشی و گردآوری اطلاعات به‌صورت اسنادی، ثبت مشاهده، برداشت پیمایشی، فیش‌‌برداری و ترسیم کروکی از طریق نقشه‌‌های شناختی است. به‌منظور دستیابی به هدف پژوهش از پیاده‌‌رو‌‌ی صوتی و تکنیک پیمایش حسی بر پایۀ حواس بینایی و شنیداری استفاده شد.
نتیجه‌‌گیری: در نهایت با بررسی عوامل شنیداری روی نمونۀ مورد بررسی این نتیجه حاصل شد که هر سه مؤلفه در فضاهای سرپوشیده، حیاط و محدودۀ پیرامون مدرسه به‌صورت مستقیم و غیرمستقیم (از طریق انعکاس صداهای غالب در محیط) وجود دارند. مؤلفه‌‌های بیوفونی و ژئوفونی در مواقعی که به‌شدت زیاد بروز نیابند، نسبتاً مطلوب هستند به‌ویژه مؤلفۀ ژئوفونی که بر پایۀ عوامل طبیعی است ولی بخشی از مؤلفه آنتروفونی به جهت انسان‌محوربودن آن، به‌صورت نامطلوب و در قالب نوفه ظاهر می‌‌شود و در موارد دیگر مطلوب است. این منظرهای صوتی، مستقیم بر حواس شنیداری، ادراک، تمرکز، یادگیری و شناخت دانش‌‌آموزان تأثیرگذار هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

A Reflection on the Role of Auditory Factors in the Soundscape of Educational Spaces in Qazvin City Based on Cognitive Maps (Case Study: Narges Shahed School in Qazvin)

نویسندگان English

Maryam Karimi 1
Fariba Alborzi 2
Amirhossein Amini 3
1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.
چکیده English

Problem statement: Sounds play a critical role in environmental perception and significantly influence human interaction with both the environment and other individuals. They directly affect the auditory senses as well as humans’ understanding of their surroundings. The diversity of sounds within a given environment leads to the formation of various soundscapes. Both auditory and non-auditory factors play a notable role in shaping soundscapes. Auditory factors encompass anthrophony, biophony, and geophony which constitute the central focus of the present study.
Research objective: The present study was an attempt to investigate the auditory factors shaping the soundscape of educational spaces in the city of Qazvin, through cognitive maps. Narges Shahed School in Qazvin was selected as the case study and anthrophonic, biophonic, and geophonic sounds within the school premises and the surrounding off-campus areas were analyzed.
Research method: The research method of this study is descriptive-analytical and survey-based. Data collection was conducted through document analysis, recorded observations, field surveys, note-taking, and sketching using cognitive maps. To achieve the research objective, soundwalking and sensory survey techniques based on visual and auditory perception were employed.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the analysis of auditory factors in the study area revealed that all three auditory factors—anthrophony, biophony, and geophony—are present in the indoor spaces, courtyard, and surrounding off-campus areas of the school, both as direct sounds and indirect sounds (emerging from the echoes of dominant sounds in the environment). The biophony and geophony components are relatively desirable when they are not expressed in excessive amounts. In particular, the geophonic component, which is based on natural factors, but part of the anthropophonic component, due to its human-centered nature, appears undesirable in the form of noise, and in other cases is desirable. These soundscapes directly affect the auditory senses, perception, concentration, learning and cognition of students.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

  • Soundscape
  • Auditory Factors
  • Cognitive Maps
  • Educational Spaces in Qazvin
ترکمان، مژگان؛ جلالیان، سارا و دژدار، امید. (1395). نقش معماری و عوامل کالبدی محیط آموزشی بر تسهیل یادگیری کودکان. شباک، 2 (11)، 1- 14.  https://www.sid.ir/paper/497989/fa  
سازمان مدیریت و برنامه‌‌ریزی کشور. (1395). ضوابط طراحی ساختمان‌‌های آموزشی (برنامه‌‌ریزی معماری همسان مدارس ابتدایی و متوسطه)، ضابطۀ شمارۀ 697. سازمان مدیریت و برنامه‌‌ریزی کشور. https://shaghool.ir/downloadarea.php?id=2333 
طبیب‌زاده، کیمیاالسادات؛ اردشیری، مهیار و بنازاده، بهاره. (1399). بررسی معماری فضاهای آموزشی با تأکید بر ارتقای کیفیت‌‌های فضایی (مدارس دخترانه متوسطۀ دوم شیراز). معماری‌شناسی، 3 (15)، 12- 1.  https://memarishenasi.ir/fa/downloadpaper.php?pid=320%20&%20p=A 
غفاری، عباس؛ میرغلامی، مرتضی و شفائی، بیتا. (1400). تبیین ارزیابی ذهنی مطلوبیت منظر صوتی بازار تبریز و اثرپذیری آن از تواتر و دلیل حضور افراد در بازار. هویت شهر، 15 (47)، 59-72. https://doi. 10.30495/hoviatshahr.2021.17353
فورر، ویلی و لائوبر، آنسلم. (1396). آکوستیک در معماری (ترجمۀ غلامعلی لیاقتی). دانشگاه شهید بهشتی. 
وزارت راه وشهرسازی؛ دفتر امور مقررات ملی ساختمان. (1390). مبحث هجدهم عایق‌‌بندی و تنظیم صدا. نشر توسعۀ ایران.
Aletta, F., Kang, J., & Axelsson, Ö. (2016). Soundscape descriptors and a conceptual framework for developing predictive soundscape models. Landscape and Urban Planning, 149, 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.02.001 
Asadpour, A., Faizi, M., Mozaaffar, F., & Behzadfar, M. (2015). Typology of models and comparative study of methods in recording mental images and cognitive maps from the environment. Bagh-e Nazar, 12(33), 13-22. https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_9981.html 
Balali Oskoui, A., Gharebagloub, M., & Heydari Torkamani, M. (2021). Investigating the constituent elements of physical identity based on the citizens’ cognitive maps: Case study: Davachi neighborhood of Tabriz. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 13(33). https://doi.org/10.22034/AAUD.2019.176147.1834 
Bartalucci, C., & Luzzi, S. (2020). The soundscape in cultural heritage. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 949, No. 1, p. 012050). IOP Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/949/1/012050 
Botteldooren, D., De Coensel, B., & De Muer, T. (2006). The temporal structure of urban soundscapes. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 292(1-2), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2005.07.026 
Brown, L. (2010). Acoustic Design of Outdoor Space. In O. Axelsson (Eds.), Designing Soundscape for Sustainable Urban Development Conference, Stockholm, Sweden (pp. 13-16). Environment and Health Administration City of Stockholm. https://ljudplanering.se ›designing-soundscape-for-sustainable-urban-development/2012  
Buzova, D., Sanz-Blas, S., & Cervera-Taulet, A. (2021). “Sensing” the destination: Development of the destination sensescape index. Tourism Management, 87, 104362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104362 
Chieng, J., & Chan, C. J. (2021). Narrative review of soundscape studies. Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(11), 1652-1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i11/11652 
Chopra, R., & Mahapatra, G. D. (2018). Cognitive mapping in spaces for public use. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 7(9), 138-142. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2018.0709020 
Davies, W. J., Adams, M. D., Bruce, N. S., Cain, R., Carlyle, A., Cusack, P., Hall, D. A., Hume, K. I., Irwin, A., Jennings, P., Marselle, M. R., Plack, C. J., & Poxon, J. (2013). Perception of soundscapes: An interdisciplinary approach. Applied Acoustics, 74(2), 224-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2012.05.010 
Downs, R. M., & Stea, D. (1973). Image and Environment: Cognitive Mapping and Spatial Behavior. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203789155 
Esmaeili, A., & Jahanbakhsh, H. (2024). Evaluation of the soundscape Quality of Coastal Banks (Case study: Suru neighborhood in Bandar Abbas city). Journal of Urban Ecology Researches, (Advance online publication.), -. https://doi.org/10.30473/grup.2024.69866.2815 
Farina, A., Mullet, T. C., Bazarbayeva, T. A., Tazhibayeva, T., Polyakova, S., & Li, P. (2023). Sonotopes reveal dynamic spatio-temporal patterns in a rural landscape of Northern Italy. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 1205272. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1205272 
Freundschuh, S. (2009). Map Perception and Cognition. In N. Thrift & R. Kitchin (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 334-338). Elsevier Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008044910-4.00044-4 
Ghaffari, A., Mirgholami, M., & Shafaei, B. (2021a). Explaining the acoustical behavior and the soundscape quality of Tabriz Bazaar based on the objective and subjective assessments. Motaleate Shahri Journal, 10(39), 83-98. https://doi.org/10.34785/J011.2021.714 
Ghaffari, A., Mirgholami, M., & Shafaei, B. (2021b). Perception of sonic distinction in the experience of movement in spaces of Tabriz Bazaar. Bagh-e Nazar, 18(100), 59-78. https://doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2020.250345.4676 
Gornet, J., & Thomson, M. (2024). Automated construction of cognitive maps with visual predictive coding. Nature Machine Intelligence, 6(7), 820–833. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00863-1 
Grinfeder, E., Lorenzi, C., Haupert, S., & Sueur, J. (2022). What do we mean by “soundscape”? A functional description. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 894232. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.894232 
Habibi, A., Rahmani, S., Saeedizadeh, M., & Mokari, N. (2021). Soundscape Model in Shiraz Qajar Gardens. Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU), 12(2), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.222202.1367 
Hanaee, T. (2022). Reading of Elements of Cognitive Maps in Perception of different Age Groups of Tourists; Case Study: Paein Khiaban and Tabarsi Neighborhoods. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, 15(38), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.22034/aaud.2022.189356.1902 
Jirge, N., Chivate, D., & Vinchu, G. (2017). Soundscapes in Architecture. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 10(1), 179- 182. https://www.google.com
Kamal, A. K, Ismail, M. R & Mayhoub, M.S. (2022). Soundscape Assessment for Indoor Spaces: A case of the Higher Education Environment. International Conference on Civil and Architecture Engineering. https:// doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1056/1/012022.
Kang, J. (2023). Soundscape in City and Built Environment: Current Developments and Design Potentials. City and Built Environment, 1 (1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44213-022-00005-6 
Kim, Y. O., & Penn, A. (2004). Linking the spatial syntax of cognitive maps to the spatial syntax of the environment. Environment and Behavior, 36(4), 483-504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916503261384 
Kitchin, R., & Freundschuh, S. (2000). Cognitive mapping, past, present and future. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315812281  
Lang, J. (2008). Creating architectural theory: the role of the behavioral sciences in environmental design. University of Tehran. (Original work published 1987)
Lotfata, A. (2008). Effect of Environmental Factors on Behaviors and Learning, in Educational Spaces (Especially Elementary Schools). Modiriyat Shahri, 6 (21), 73-90. https://www.sid.ir/paper/91958/fa#downloadbottom
Maleki Eshlaghi, M., & Ghalambor Dezfuly, M. (2023). Developing a Model for Measuring the Soundscape Quality in an Urban Context Based on Contextualism Using Matrices. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of landscape, 15(64), 42-53. https://doi.org/10.22034/manzar.2023.359461.2205 
Mansouryar, Z., & Jalalian, S. (2017). Studying Students Interoperability with Each Other by Enhancing Space & Physical Quality in Technical & Professional (Case Study: Sadelgi School in Kabudarahang). Haft Hesar Journal of Environmental Studies, 5 (20) ,72-81. https://hafthesar.iauh.ac.ir/article-1-431-en.html 
Mijani, M., Gharehbeiglu, M., Reshad, L., & Nejadebrahimi, A. (2023). Evaluation of students’ cognitive maps from an urban perspective as a mental image output. Geographical Research, 38(3), 381-389. http://georesearch.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1194-3&slc_lang=en&sid=1 
Mitchell, A., Oberman, T., Aletta, F., Erfanian, M., Kachlicka, M., Lionello, M., & Kang, J. (2020). The Soundscape Indices (SSID) Protocol: A Method for Urban Soundscape Surveys-Questionnaires with Acoustical and Contextual Information. Applied Sciences, 10(7), 2397. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10072397 
Patil, A. A., & Chaudhari, V. L. (2016). Students’ perception of the educational environment in medical college: A study based on DREEM questionnaire. Korean Journal of Medical Education, 28(3), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2016.32 
Pijanowski, B.C., Farina, A., Gage, S.H., Dumyahn, S.L. & Krause, B.L. (2011). What is Soundscape Ecology? An Introduction and Overview of an Emerging New Science. Landscape Ecology, 26(9), 1213-1232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-011-9600-8 
Polic, M., & Repovs, G. (2004). Cognitive map of Slovenia: Spatial representations and identity. Psychology Science, 46, 65-88. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265067052_Cognitive_map_of_Slovenia_Spatial_representation_and_identity 
Polli, A. (2012). Soundscape, Sonification, and Sound Activism. AI & Society, 27 (2), 257 – 268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-011-0345-3 
Poucet, B. (1993). Spatial cognitive maps in animals: New hypotheses on their structure and neural mechanisms. Psychological Review, 100(2), 163–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.2.163
Quinn, C. A., Burns, P., Jantz, P., Salas, L., Goetz, S. J. & Clark, M. L. (2024). Soundscape Mapping: Understanding Regional Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Soundscapes Incorporating Remotely-sensed Predictors and Wildfire Disturbance.  Environmental Research: Ecology, 3(2), 025002. http://.doi.org/10.1088/2752-664X/ad4bec 
Ratcliffe, E. (2021). Sound and Soundscape in Restorative Natural Environments: A Narrative Literature Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.570563 
Rehan, R. M. (2016). The Phonic Identity of the City Urban Soundscape for Sustainable Spaces. HBRC Journal, 12 (3), 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.12.005 
Sammut-Bonnici, T., & McGee, J. (2015). Cognitive map. In S.-J. A. Liotta & M. Belfiore (Eds.), Wiley encyclopedia of management. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118785317.weom120127 
Schafer, R. M. (1993). The soundscape: Our sonic environment and the tuning of the world. Simon and Schuster. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Soundscape.html?id=-FsoDwAAQBAJ    
Triponescu, A., Dragan, A., & Cretan, R. (2024). Mapping perception: Analyzing mental representations of urban space in Timis, Oara, Romania. Urban Science, 8(4), 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040205 
Uline, C, & Tschannen Moran, M. (2008). The walls Speak: The Interplay of Quality Facilities, School Climate, and Student Achievement. Journal of Educational Administration, 46 (1), 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230810849817 
Widiastuti, K., Susilo, M. J., & Nurfinaputri, H. S. (2021). School space selection preferences: Architectural perspective toward formal school. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 10(2), 502-511. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i2.20726 
Yazdanpanah Shahabadi, M., Sajjadzadeh, H., Ahmadi , M., & Karimimoshaver, M. (2023). Assessing the role of soundscape in the sense of belonging to the environment (case study: Farahzad neighborhood in Tehran). Hoviat Shahr, 4(16), 5-22.  https://doi.org/10.30495/hoviatshahr.2022.21017