منظر و سیاست (مفهوم‌شناسی ماهیت و ابعاد سیاسی منظرها)

دوره 21، شماره 141
اسفند 1403
صفحه 15-26

نوع مقاله : مقالۀ پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، واحد تهران جنوب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه معماری منظر، دانشکدۀ معماری، دانشکدگان هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، ایران.

چکیده
بیان مسئله: منظرها همواره نشانه یا ردپایی مرئی و نامرئی از ساختارهای قدرت در اختیار ما قرار می‌دهند. اقداماتی همچون برنامه‌های توسعه، برنامه‌های پایداری، سیاست‌های کشاورزی، برنامه‌های ملی و بین‌المللی و سیاست‌های پشت آن‌ها همگی شکل‌دهندۀ منظرها هستند. به همین واسطه، منظرها محل دائمی تعارضات و اختلافات هستند و همواره در معرض تغییرات مکرر و پیش‌بینی‌ناپذیر قرار داشته و تحت تأثیر عوامل بیرونی، منظرهای جدیدی ایجاد می‌کنند. بنابراین به نظر می‌رسد جنبۀ سیاسی که در مرکز همۀ روابط قرار دارد، در اغلب مطالعات منظر مورد بی‌توجهی قرار می‌گیرد. بنابراین به نظر می‌رسد شناخت محل این تعارضات و اختلافات به‌مثابۀ ماهیت «سیاسی» منظر، جهت اخذ تصمیمات در مورد تغییر در منظرها ضروری است. در این راستا، سؤال اصلی پژوهش آن است که ماهیت سیاسی منظر چیست؟ در چه ابعادی بروز می‌یابد و درک این ابعاد چگونه می‌تواند بر شکل‌دهی به منظرها (توسط طراح) تأثیرگذار باشد؟
هدف پژوهش: هدف این پژوهش، بررسی و شناخت ماهیت سیاسی و مبتنی بر قدرت منظرها و در نهایت چگونگی تأثیرگذاری آن بر منظرهاست.
روش پژوهش: این پژوهش از نظر ماهیت کیفی است و روش جمع‌آوری داده‌‌ در آن مبتنی بر روش کتابخانه‌‌ای و جست‌و‌جو در پایگاه‌‌های دادۀ داخلی و خارجی معتبر است که براساس بهره‌گیری از روش‌‌ تحلیل محتوای گفتمان‌های مرتبط، مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته‌‌اند.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاکی از آن است که ماهیت سیاسی منظر یعنی منظر نه صرفاً محل حضور نیروها، بلکه حاصل برخورد و حتی بعضاً تعارض نیروهاست. دموکراسی، تکثر ارزش‌ها، هویت‌های جمعی و فردی، شیوه‌های بازنمایی منظر، درک مفهوم مردم و در نهایت قدرت به‌عنوان ابعاد سیاسی منظر شناخته شدند که اگرچه همان تعاریف متداول نیستند ولی از آن‌ها برآمده‌اند. اگر طراح منظر می‌خواهد به ساخت «امرِ نو» که جوهر اصلی منظر است دست بزند، به‌گونه‌ای که تقلیدی نباشد، باید با چیدمانی بسازد که رابطۀ سلطنت و بردگی را به حداقل رسانده و امکان شمرده‌شدن نیروهای شمرده نشده را فراهم کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Landscape and Politics (Conceptology of the Nature and Political Aspects of Landscapes)

نویسندگان English

Maryam Majidi 1
Seyed Amir Hashemizadegan 2
1 Ph.D. in Architecture, Department of Architecture, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor in Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Problem statement: Landscapes always showcase visible and invisible signs or traces of power structures. Actions such as development plan, sustainability programs, agricultural policies, national and international plans, and their underlying policies form landscapes. As such, landscapes, the main sites of conflicts and disputes, are always subject to recurrent and unpredictable transitions and create new landscapes under the influence of external factors. Thus, the political aspect, which is at the center of all relationships, seems to be overlooked in most landscape studies. Therefore, it seems that recognizing the site of these conflicts and disputes as the ‘political’ nature of the landscape is essential for decisions about transitions in landscapes. This research attempts to answer the following questions: what is the political nature of the landscape? In what aspects does it manifest itself? How can understanding such aspects influence the shaping of landscapes (by the designer)?
Research objective: This research aims to investigate the political and power-based nature of landscapes and ultimately understand how such nature affects landscapes. 
Research method: This research employed qualitative design and the data was collected using the desk research method. For this purpose, valid domestic and foreign databases were examined and the data were analyzed based on the content analysis of pertinent discourse.
Conclusion: The findings show that the political nature of the landscape, that is, the landscape is not merely the place where forces are present, but the result of the encounter and sometimes even the conflict of forces. Democracy, a plurality of values, collective and individual identities, various ways of the landscape illustration, perception of the concept of people, and finally power were identified as political dimensions of the landscape. Even though they are not the same as the common definitions, they are derived from them. If the landscape designer aspires to construct the ‘new thing,’ which is the core of the landscape, in a way that is not imitative, he/she must construct a layout that minimizes the relationship of sovereignty and slavery and allows for the emergence of uncounted forces.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

  • Landscape
  • Politics
  • Contradictions and conflicts
  • Power
  • People
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