Investigating the Roman and Byzantine Patterns of the Great Southern Outwork of the Rabʿ-e Rashidi; Based on Anatolian Samples

Volume 21, Issue 136
October 2024
Pages 49-58

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. in Archaeology, The Head of International Project of Rabʿ-e Rashidi, Dep. of Archaeology, Faculty of Cultural Materials Conservation, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.

2 Ph.D. Candidate in Archaeology, The Fellow of International Project of Rabʿ-e Rashidi, Dep. of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye.

Abstract
Problem statement: Rabʿ-e Rashidi has two different phases of settlement and usage. Of these, the second phase was for military purposes. The form and plan of the great southern outwork of Rashidiyya have no precedent in the history of Iranian architecture. The present authors attempt to address two questions: What is the pattern of such an outwork? Who is its possible architect or the founder? The present authors have hypothesized that: the great southern outwork of the post-Ilkhanid fort of Rashidiyya was built by the Ottomans. So, it has a Roman-Byzantine pattern. In the Western Ottoman realm, samples of outworks have been left, whose form and plan can be regarded as a pattern for Rashidiyya. They have also hypothesized Jafar Pasha Frenk as its founder during the years of the Roman (Ottoman) Interruption of Tabriz.
Research objective: Methodic restoration of this antique work requires compliance with two conditions of authenticity and identification of its pattern; Because in this case, one can benefit from the successful experience of restoring similar samples.
Research method: The outworks in Rashidiyya, Antalya, Bodrum, Iasos, Kilitbahir, and Mamure consist of the data body of this research. These W. Anatolian samples have a Roman-Byzantine pattern. Inductively, their form, plan, and position of outworks in relation to their ramparts, are comparable with the Rabʿe- Rashidi’s one. Historically, 10 main resources from the 16th and 17th CE on the fort of Rashidiyya and the Tabriz campaign of Osman Pasha and Jafar Pasha Frenk are studied as well.
Conclusion: Typologically, the large south tower of Rashidiyya, which is connected to its main rampart by a musketeer banquette, falls within the category of semidetached two-story outworks from the Roman and Byzantine origin. First, Byzantium and then Ottomans inherited this heritage of Roman defensive architecture.

Keywords

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