The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar

Modeling of Factors Influencing the Improvement of Flood Risk Perception Through the Analysis of the Perceptual Factors of the Urban Environment (Case Study: Zibadasht Neighborhood, Tehran)

https://doi.org/10.22034/bagh.2024.473011.5648
Volume 21, Issue 140
February 2025
Pages 45-60
The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

Alaleh Toossi Ardekani 1
Koroush Golkar 2
Alireza Fallahi 3

1 Ph.D. Candidate, Urban Design Department, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor, Urban Design Department, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Professor, Disasters and Reconstruction Department, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
Problem statement: Considering the river channelization and the establishment of flood control structures, individuals’ perceptions of river ecological processes and environmental safety have been disrupted. A lack of proper understanding of flood risk leads to decreased adaptability in communities and increased damage and casualties during floods. Therefore, nowadays, flood risk management, in addition to structural solutions, has incorporated non-structural measures, such as flood risk perception. In this regard, it is essential to determine the role of related disciplines in non-structural approaches.
Research objective: This research aims to explain the role of urban design in non-structural measures of flood mitigation by modeling the factors influencing flood risk perception and flood-adaptive behaviors. It assesses the impact of perceptual factors of the urban environment (perceived qualities, sense of place, and vision of nature) in the context of Iran.
Research method: The overall approach of the study is quantitative and is categorized as cross-sectional survey research. It began with deductive reasoning based on the theoretical foundations. Following an analysis of the theoretical literature, the impact of perceptual factors of the environment on flood risk perception was identified, and a conceptual model was developed. To assess the research model within the context of Iran, 221 questionnaires were completed in the Zibadasht neighborhood around the Kan River. Data were analyzed using Smart PLS software and structural equation modeling methods.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained in the Zibadasht neighborhood, urban design can play a significant role in improving flood risk perception by adjusting the perceived qualities of the environment and enhancing individuals’ place attachment to the Kan River. In addition, strengthening the place identity of individuals in relation to the Kan River is one of the factors influencing flood-adaptive behaviors in this area.

Keywords

Integrated Flood Management
Flood Risk
Environmental Perception
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)
Kan River
Alehashemi, A., Bagheri, Y., & Akhavan, E. (2015). Imposed or Natural Identity? Javanmardan Park, Landscaping in Kan Valley. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 7(31), 94-103. http://noo.rs/MNaiM
Anacio, D. B., Hilvano, N. F., Burias, I. C., Pine, C., Nelson, G. L. M., & Ancog, R. C. (2016). Dwelling structures in a flood-prone area in the Philippines: Sense of place and its functions for mitigating flood experiences. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 15, 108- 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.01.005
Armaş, I., & Avram, E. (2009). Perception of flood risk in Danube Delta, Romania. Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, 50(2), 269-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9337-0
Bahrami, F., Alehashemi, A., & Motedayen, H. (2019). Urban Rivers and Resilience Thinking in the Face of Flood Disturbance, the Resilience Planning of the Kan River. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 11(47), 60-73. https://doi.org/10.22034/manzar.2019.182617.1948
Bernardo, F. (2013). Impact of place attachment on risk perception: Exploring the multidimensionality of risk and its magnitude. Estudios de Psicología, 34(3), 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1174/021093913808349253
Bonaiuto, M., Alves, S., De Dominicis, S., & Petruccelli, I. (2016). Place attachment and natural hazard risk: Research review and agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 48, 33-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.07.007
Bonaiuto, M., De Dominicis, S., Fornara, F., Ganucci Cancellieri, U., & Mosco, B. (2011). Flood risk: the role of neighborhood attachment. In: G. Zenz, & R. Hornich (Eds.), Proceedings of the international symposium UFRIM. Urban flood risk management- Approaches to enhance resilience of communities (pp. 547-558). Graz: Verlag der Technischen Universitat Graz.
Botzen, W. J., Aerts, J. C. J. H., & van den Bergh, J. C. (2009). Dependence of flood risk perceptions on socioeconomic and objective risk factors. Water Resources Research, 45(10). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007743
Braito, M. T., Böck, K., Flint, C., Muhar, A., Muhar, S., & Penker, M. (2017). Human-nature relationships and linkages to environmental behaviour. Environmental Values, 26(3), 365-389. https://doi.org/10.3197/096327117X14913285800706
Bubeck, P., Botzen, W. J. W., & Aerts, J. C. (2012). A review of risk perceptions and other factors that influence flood mitigation behavior. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32(9), 1481-1495. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01783.x
Buijs, A. E. (2009). Public support for river restoration. A mixed-method study into local residents’ support for and framing of river management and ecological restoration in the Dutch floodplains. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(8), 2680-2689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.02.006
Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S. (2008). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296-325. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/1094428107300343
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE publications.
De Groot, M., & De Groot, W. T. (2009). “Room for river” measures and public visions in the Netherlands: A survey on river perceptions among riverside residents. Water Resources Research, 45(7). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007339
De Groot, W. T., & Van den Born, R. J. (2003). Visions of nature and landscape type preferences: an exploration in The Netherlands. Landscape and Urban Planning, 63(3), 127-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00184-6
Diamantopoulos, A., Riefler, P., & Roth, K. P. (2008). Advancing formative measurement models. Journal of Business Research, 61(12), 1203-1218. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.009
Domingues, R. B., de Jesus, S. N., & Ferreira, O. (2021). Place attachment, risk perception, and preparedness in a population exposed to coastal hazards: A case study in Faro Beach, southern Portugal. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 60(80), 102288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102288
Ghahroudi Tali, M., Majidi Heravi, A., & Abdoli, E. (2016). Vulnerability of Urban Flooding Case Study: Tehran, Darake to Kan. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 5(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.22067/geo.v5i1.49976
Grothmann, T., & Reusswig, F. (2006). People at risk of flooding: Why some residents take precautionary action while others do not. Natural Hazards, 38(1), 101-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-005-8604-6
Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Thiele, K. O. (2017). Mirror, mirror on the wall: a comparative evaluation of composite-based structural equation modeling methods. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45, 616-632. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s11747-017-0517-x
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications.
Hair Jr, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson.
Han, S., Bubeck, P., Thieken, A., & Kuhlicke, C. (2023). A placebased risk appraisal model for exploring residents’ attitudes toward naturebased solutions to flood risks. Risk Analysis, 43(12), 2562-2580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.14118
Hataminejad, H., Sadeghi, A. (2023). Measuring urban resilience against flood risk using a multi-criteria approach (Study case: Areas located on the rivers of Tehran city). Journal of Spatial Analysis Environmental Hazards, 10(3), 101-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/jsaeh.10.3.101
Hemmati, M. (2015). Resilience: A design approach in chaotic environment. MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 7(32), 74-81. http://noo.rs/C7GN5
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Holley, J. R., McCommas, K. A., Lambert, C. E., Snider, N. P., & Tucker, G. K. (2022). Responding to flood risk in Louisiana: the roles of place attachment, emotions, and location. Natural Hazards, 113(1), 615-640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05316-9
Jorgensen, B. S., & Stedman, R. C. (2006). A comparative analysis of predictors of sense of place dimensions: Attachment to, dependence on, and identification with lakeshore properties. Journal of Environmental Management, 79(3), 316-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.08.003
Junker, B., Buchecker, M., & MüllerBöker, U. (2007). Objectives of public participation: which actors should be involved in the decision making for river restorations? Water Resources Research, 43(10). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005584
Kahan, D. M., Braman, D., Gastil, J., Slovic, P., & Mertz, C. K. (2007). Culture and identityprotective cognition: Explaining the whitemale effect in risk perception. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 4(3), 465-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2007.00097.x
Liao, K. H. (2012). A theory on urban resilience to floods—a basis for alternative planning practices. Ecology and Society, 17(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-05231-170448
Litton Jr, R. B. (1977). River landscape quality and its assessment. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC, 28. 46-54.
Miceli, R., Sotgiu, I., & Settanni, M. (2008). Disaster preparedness and perception of flood risk: A study in an alpine valley in Italy. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(2), 164-173. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.10.006
Nillesen, A. L. (2019). Water Safety Strategies and Local-scale Spatial Quality. A+ BE| Architecture and the Built Environment, (1), 97-110. https://doi.org/10.7480/abe.2019.1.3741
O’Neill, E., Brereton, F., Shahumyan, H., & Clinch, J. P. (2016). The impact of perceived flood exposure on floodrisk perception: The role of distance. Risk Analysis, 36(11), 2158-2186. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12597
Raymond, C. M., Singh, G. G., Benessaiah, K., Bernhardt, J. R., Levine, J., Nelson, H., ... & Chan, K. M. (2013). Ecosystem services and beyond: Using multiple metaphors to understand human–environment relationships. BioScience, 63(7), 536-546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/bio.2013.63.7.7
Santoro, S., Pluchinotta, I., Pagano, A., Pengal, P., Cokan, B., & Giordano, R. (2019). Assessing stakeholders’ risk perception to promote Nature Based Solutions as flood protection strategies: The case of the Glinščica River (Slovenia). Science of the Total Environment, 655, 188-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.116
Sarstedt, M., & Mooi, E. (2018). A Concise Guide to Market Research: The Process, Data, and Methods Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Springer.
Seidl, R., & Stauffacher, M. (2013). Evaluation of river restoration by local residents. Water Resources Research, 49(10), 7077-7087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013WR013988
Siegrist, M., & Gutscher, H. (2006). Flooding risks: A comparison of lay people’s perceptions and expert’s assessments in Switzerland. Risk Analysis, 26(4), 971-979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00792.x
Sipos, G., Blanka-Végi, V., Ardelean, F., Onaca, A., Ladányi, Z., Rácz, A., & Urdea, P. (2022). Human-nature relationship and public perception of environmental hazards along the Maros/Mureş River (Hungary and Romania). Geographica Pannonica, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.5937/gp26-39657
Slovic, P., & Peters, E. (2006). Risk perception and affect: Current directions in psychological science. Sage Publications, 15(6), 322-325.
Terpstra, T. (2011). Emotions, trust, and perceived risk: Affective and cognitive routes to flood preparedness behavior. Risk Analysis, 31(10), 1658-1675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01616.x
Thieken, A. H., Kreibich, H., Müller, M., & Merz, B. (2007). Coping with floods: preparedness, response and recovery of flood-affected residents in Germany in 2002. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 52(5), 1016-1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1623/hysj.52.5.1016
Tierney, K. J., Lindell, M. K., & Perry, R. W. (2002). Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 11(3), 222-222.
Toossi Ardekani, A., Golkar, K., & Fallahi, A. (2023). The Role of Flood-adaptive Urban Design from the Perspective of Improving Risk Perception (An Interdisciplinary Systematic Review). MANZAR, the Scientific Journal of Landscape, 16(66), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.22034/manzar.2023.404889.2252
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185(4157), 1124-1131.
Van Heel, B. F., & Van den Born, R. J. (2020). Studying residents’ flood risk perceptions and sense of place to inform public participation in a Dutch river restoration project. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 17(1), 35-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2020.1799826
Van Riper, C. J., Browning, M. H., Becker, D., Stewart, W., Suski, C. D., Browning, L., & Golebie, E. (2019). Human-nature relationships and normative beliefs influence behaviors that reduce the spread of aquatic invasive species. Environmental Management, 63, 69-79. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-018-1111-9
Verbrugge, L., & van den Born, R. (2018). The role of place attachment in public perceptions of a re-landscaping intervention in the river Waal (The Netherlands). Landscape and Urban Planning, 177, 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.05.011
Verbrugge, L. N., Van den Born, R. J., & Lenders, H. R. (2013). Exploring public perception of non-native species from a visions of nature perspective. Environmental Management, 52, 1562-1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0170-1
Water Research Institute. (2011).  مدیریت جامع سیل گزارش تلفیق مطالعات حوضه آبریز رودخانه کن [Integrated flood management (synthesis report of Kan River catchment studies)]. Research department of water Resources Studies and Research. [in Persian]
Weinstein, N. D., Rothman, A. J., & Nicolich, M. (1998). Use of correlational data to examine the effects of risk perceptions on precautionary behavior. Psychology and Health, 13(3), 479-501. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1080/08870449808407305
Wilson, R., Zwickle, A. & Walpole, H. (2018). “Developing a broadly applicable measure of risk perception.” Risk Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13207
Zaalberg, R., Midden, C., Meijnders, A., & McCalley, T. (2009). Prevention, adaptation, and threat denial: Flooding experiences in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis, 29(12), 1759-1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01316.x
Zaleskiewicz, T., Piskorz, Z., & Borkowska, A. (2002). Fear or money? Decisions on insuring oneself against flood. Risk, Decision and Policy, 7(3), 221-233. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1017/S1357530902000662

Home

Submit Manuscript

Contact Us